Dialogue and Multiple Choice Questions: New Home Theater System
By Kenneth Beare
This dialogue contains a lot of jargon related to audio / video. Here is a vocabulary list of the most important related vocabulary, most of which you will find in the dialogue.
Audio Video Related Equipment and Terms
DVD player (digital video disc)
CD (compact disc)
home theater system
speaker
tuner
color saturation
mp3 player
jack
bass
treble
headphones
earbuds
receiver
audiophile
volume
surround sound
HD DVD (high definition DVD)
Audio Video Related Verbs and Adjectives
to turn up / down
to turn off / on
to switch off / on
to put on
to tweak
to tune
to change channels
to connect
to disconnect
to watch
to listen to
to appreciate
Audio Video Related Adjectives
superb
soft
loud
distinct
flat screen
clear
muffled (sound)
fuzzy (vision)
pixelated
Derek: Would you like to see my new home theater system?
Ken: I'd love to. I'm an audiophile - and I love HD TV.
Derek: Then you're going to love my system. I've got surround sound speakers, an incredible receiver, and a 52-inch flat screen LCD.
Ken: I'm green with envy! Put something on!
Derek: How about a movie? Something with lots of action. Let me just turn up the volume a bit...there. What do you think? (watching the movie)
Ken: That's amazing. The picture is so clear! Even when there is a lot of movement, the picture is hardly pixelated at all.
Derek: I know. Isn't it great? How do you like the sound?
Ken: Pretty good. It seems a bit muffled in the bass, though.
Derek: Just a second, I'll tweak the balance.
Ken: Ah, that's better. The bass is much more distinct now.
Derek: Isn't the color saturation superb?
Ken: I'll say it is. I bet golf looks incredible on this TV.
Derek: Ah, you appreciate golf do you?
Ken: I love watching golf on TV. Especially in high definition.
Derek: I think there may be a tournament on now. Just a sec, I'll switch to cable.
Ken: I think it's on channel 806.
Derek: Nope, not there. Let me change channels.
Ken: There, on 808. Wow! You can see the blades of grass.
Derek: I love this system!
Ken: What do you do if it's late at night? You can't listen to this system if your children are sleeping.
Derek: That's not a problem. I just plug my headphones into this jack. Problem solved.
Ken: Speaking of headphones, I bought a pair of earbuds for my mp3 player last week.
Derek: How are they?
Ken: Pretty good. The bass isn't too bad, but the treble is crystal clear.
Derek: I need to get a new CD player for my system.
Ken: Why? You can just put your CDs onto the DVD player, they'll play.
Derek: Really? I didn't know that.
Ken: Come on, you're the proud owner of the latest home stereo system and you didn't know that?
Derek: I'm embarrassed.
Ken: You should be!
Friday, December 26, 2008
English can bring synergies to your roll-out!
English can bring synergies to your roll-out!
Thursday December 18, 2008
What?! Yes, I know this is difficult to understand. 'Synergies' and 'roll-out' are examples of typical business jargon that is sometimes overused, but certainly important to understand. This advanced level business jargon dialogue provides an easier English version as well as definitions for some common business jargon.
This dialogues list provides dialogues for every level and purpose. Each dialogue comes
Comments (4)See All Posts
Do you love your new technology toys?
Tuesday December 23, 2008
I do! Here are two intermediate to upper level reading comprehension dialogues that will help you build your technology related vocabulary AND enable you to better discuss your new gadgets!
Dialogue and Multiple Choice Questions: Hooking Up My Computer
By Kenneth Beare
This dialogue contains a lot of computer jargon. Here is a vocabulary list of the most important related vocabulary, most of which you will find in the dialogue.
Computer Related Equipment
computer
printer
cable modem
hard drive
monitor
keyboard
mouse
SD card
memory reader
cable
Ethernet
Computer Related Verbs
to update
to turn off / on
to switch off / on
to plug in
to unplug
to install
to hook up
to connect
to disconnect
to boot up
to cut
to paste
to copy
to surf
to browse
to fix
Hooking Up My Computer
Peter: Hi Jack. Can you give me a hand?
Jack:Sure. what's up?
Peter: I've just bought a new computer and I'm having some problems hooking everything up.
Jack:... and I'm a geek. Yeah, I know. I'd be happy to help.
Peter: Thanks! I've connected all the cables from my monitor, mouse and keyboard, and I've plugged it in.
Jack: Have you installed the software yet?
Peter: No, I haven't. Do I need to?
Jack: Not always, but it's best to install drivers for your keyboard and mouse, as well as your printer.
Peter: Will the computer boot up without those?
Jack: Of course. Boot up the computer and then we can update the drives.
Peter: OK. What's that thing (points to a computer component)
Jack: Oh, that's a memory reader. You can insert things like SD cards from your camera and mp3 players into it.
Peter: That's handy.
Jack: You've bought a nice system. How big is the hard drive?
Peter: I think it's 750 gigabyte.
Jack: Good... The computer's booted up. Let's install those drivers.
Peter: Before we do that, can I get online?
Jack: Do you have a modem?
Peter: Yes, I do. I think I have a cable modem.
Jack: hmmm... yes you do. Is the Ethernet cable plugged in?
Peter: What's that?
Jack: It's the cable that connects your modem to your computer.
Peter: Let's surf the internet!
Jack: Just a moment... first we need to launch the browser.
Peter: The browser?
Jack: It's the program that allows you to surf the internet.
Peter: oh ... I've got a lot to learn.
Jack: Yes, you do. I can see I'm going to be here all day ...
Thursday December 18, 2008
What?! Yes, I know this is difficult to understand. 'Synergies' and 'roll-out' are examples of typical business jargon that is sometimes overused, but certainly important to understand. This advanced level business jargon dialogue provides an easier English version as well as definitions for some common business jargon.
This dialogues list provides dialogues for every level and purpose. Each dialogue comes
Comments (4)See All Posts
Do you love your new technology toys?
Tuesday December 23, 2008
I do! Here are two intermediate to upper level reading comprehension dialogues that will help you build your technology related vocabulary AND enable you to better discuss your new gadgets!
Dialogue and Multiple Choice Questions: Hooking Up My Computer
By Kenneth Beare
This dialogue contains a lot of computer jargon. Here is a vocabulary list of the most important related vocabulary, most of which you will find in the dialogue.
Computer Related Equipment
computer
printer
cable modem
hard drive
monitor
keyboard
mouse
SD card
memory reader
cable
Ethernet
Computer Related Verbs
to update
to turn off / on
to switch off / on
to plug in
to unplug
to install
to hook up
to connect
to disconnect
to boot up
to cut
to paste
to copy
to surf
to browse
to fix
Hooking Up My Computer
Peter: Hi Jack. Can you give me a hand?
Jack:Sure. what's up?
Peter: I've just bought a new computer and I'm having some problems hooking everything up.
Jack:... and I'm a geek. Yeah, I know. I'd be happy to help.
Peter: Thanks! I've connected all the cables from my monitor, mouse and keyboard, and I've plugged it in.
Jack: Have you installed the software yet?
Peter: No, I haven't. Do I need to?
Jack: Not always, but it's best to install drivers for your keyboard and mouse, as well as your printer.
Peter: Will the computer boot up without those?
Jack: Of course. Boot up the computer and then we can update the drives.
Peter: OK. What's that thing (points to a computer component)
Jack: Oh, that's a memory reader. You can insert things like SD cards from your camera and mp3 players into it.
Peter: That's handy.
Jack: You've bought a nice system. How big is the hard drive?
Peter: I think it's 750 gigabyte.
Jack: Good... The computer's booted up. Let's install those drivers.
Peter: Before we do that, can I get online?
Jack: Do you have a modem?
Peter: Yes, I do. I think I have a cable modem.
Jack: hmmm... yes you do. Is the Ethernet cable plugged in?
Peter: What's that?
Jack: It's the cable that connects your modem to your computer.
Peter: Let's surf the internet!
Jack: Just a moment... first we need to launch the browser.
Peter: The browser?
Jack: It's the program that allows you to surf the internet.
Peter: oh ... I've got a lot to learn.
Jack: Yes, you do. I can see I'm going to be here all day ...
Saturday, December 20, 2008
Business English
Business English - Happy Shareholders
By Kenneth Beare, About.com
Happy Shareholders
Director: Can we go over some figures please?
Assistant: Yes, our shareholders' meeting is soon. I think it'd be a good idea to review the key numbers.
Director: What has our total outlay been this year?
Assistant: Our expenditures are estimated at $4,320,000.
Director: What percentage is that is research and development?
Assistant: About 27%. We've invested heavily in developing some new technologies.
Director: What is our gross operating profit?
Assistant: Approximately 1.4 million.
Director: What kind of margin does that represent?
Assistant: The gross operating margin is at 24% for the year.
Director: That's impressive. That's up from last year, isn't it? About 10 points I think.
Assistant: That's right. We're solidly in the black. As a matter of fact, this is our fifth year straight.
Director: Shareholders will be happy.
Assistant: They should be! This kind of growth in the current market is remarkable.
Director: Hopefully the shareholders won't veto any further R & D allocation.
Assistant: I think they trust the board to continue doing the right thing.
Key Vocabulary
figures
shareholders
key numbers
outlay
expenditure
R & D - Research and Development
gross operating profit
margin
gross operating margin
to be up
in the black - in the red
remarkable
to veto
allocation
the board
By Kenneth Beare, About.com
Happy Shareholders
Director: Can we go over some figures please?
Assistant: Yes, our shareholders' meeting is soon. I think it'd be a good idea to review the key numbers.
Director: What has our total outlay been this year?
Assistant: Our expenditures are estimated at $4,320,000.
Director: What percentage is that is research and development?
Assistant: About 27%. We've invested heavily in developing some new technologies.
Director: What is our gross operating profit?
Assistant: Approximately 1.4 million.
Director: What kind of margin does that represent?
Assistant: The gross operating margin is at 24% for the year.
Director: That's impressive. That's up from last year, isn't it? About 10 points I think.
Assistant: That's right. We're solidly in the black. As a matter of fact, this is our fifth year straight.
Director: Shareholders will be happy.
Assistant: They should be! This kind of growth in the current market is remarkable.
Director: Hopefully the shareholders won't veto any further R & D allocation.
Assistant: I think they trust the board to continue doing the right thing.
Key Vocabulary
figures
shareholders
key numbers
outlay
expenditure
R & D - Research and Development
gross operating profit
margin
gross operating margin
to be up
in the black - in the red
remarkable
to veto
allocation
the board
Dialogue: A Business Presentation
By Kenneth Beare
On a Business Trip - A Presentation
Betsy: Hi Brian, this is Betsy. How are you doing?
Brian: I've just returned from the Head Office. The weather is great! Boston is a great city!
Betsy: Have you met Frank yet?
Brian: No, I haven't seen him yet. We have a meeting at 10 o'clock tomorrow morning. We are going to meet then.
Betsy: Have you made your presentation yet?
Brian: Yes, I made the presentation yesterday afternoon. I was very nervous, but everything went well.
Betsy: Has management given you any feedback yet?
Brian: Yes, I've already met with the sales director. We met immediately after the meeting and he was impressed with our work.
Betsy: That's great Brian. Congratulations! Have you visited any museums yet?
Brian: No, I'm afraid I haven't had any time yet. I hope to take a tour around town tomorrow.
Betsy: Well, I'm happy to hear that everything is going well. I'll talk to you soon.
Brian: Thanks for calling Betsy. Bye.
Betsy: Bye.
Business Jargon - Advanced Level Dialogue
By Kenneth Beare
Tim: Hey, can I get a little facetime?
Randall: Sure, let's dialogue.
Tim: Great. I tried to ping you earlier, but you weren't in.
Randall: Yeah, I had to handle some pushback on my proposal.
Tim: Really, why was that?
Randall: Well, I've come up with a number of synergies in the value chain. My value proposition was to seamlessly integrate our customer service reps.
Tim: Sounds like a win-win. How long is the ramp-up?
Randall: That's the problem. I projected a roll-out in two months. C-level people want to dial-in the project in two weeks.
Tim: ...but you're proposing an end-to-end solution!
Randall: Yeah, I know. I had the time-frame mapped out for all the deliverables, too.
Tim: Sometimes you have to wonder about high-level management's capabilities to leverage people like you!
Randall: You're much too kind! Anyway, what was it you wanted to talk to me about?
Tim: Nothing much, I just wanted to give you a heads-up on some performance management issues I've been having with Pete.
Randall: No room to breathe?
Tim: You've got it ....
Translation into easy (well, easier) English:
Tim: Hey, do you have some time for me?
Randall: Sure, let's talk.
Tim: Great. I tried to contact you earlier, but you weren't in.
Randall: Yeah, I had to manage some complaints about my idea for the company.
Tim: Really, why was that?
Randall: Well, I thought of a number of tasks that can complement each other in how we provide our service. My improvement idea was to include our customer service representatives our processes.
Tim: That sounds like a good idea for everybody. How long will it take to put your plan into action?
Randall: That's the problem. I think it will take two months to put into place. The directors want to put the project into action in two weeks.
Tim: ...but you've suggested a complete solution to the problem!
Randall: Yes, I know. I had developed a schedule for all of the improvements, too.
Tim: Sometimes it's difficult to understand why upper management can't take advantage of people like you!
Randall: You're much too kind! Anyway, what was it you wanted to talk to me about?
Tim: Nothing much. I just wanted to tell you ahead of time about some problems I'm having with Pete trying to control everything I do.
Randall: No room for your own efforts?
Tim: That's right.
Key Vocabulary
facetime (noun)- time together
to dialogue (verb) - to speak
to ping (verb) - to contact someone
pushback (noun) - to object to, complain about
synergies (noun) - combinations in efforts that improve something
value chain (noun) - the group of processes that provide something positive
value proposition (noun) - the improvement idea
seamlessly (adverb) - flowing smoothly
to integrate (verb) - to include in a process
win-win (noun, also used as an adjective) - successful outcome for everyone involved
ramp-up (noun, also used as a verb) - time it takes to do something
roll-out (noun, also used as a verb) - time it takes to do something
C-level (adjective) - upper management, directors
to dial-in (verb) - time it takes to do something
end-to-end (adjective) - complete
time-frame (noun) - amount of time needed
to map out (verb) - to plan
deliverables (noun) - specific improvements or products to be made
to leverage (verb) - to take advantage of something
heads-up (noun) - notice of something
performance management (noun) - way of managing someone
Business English - Deliveries and Suppliers
By Kenneth Beare
Deliveries and Suppliers
Susan: Doug, can I talk with you for a moment?
Doug: What can I do for you Susan?
Susan: I'm concerned about the delays we're experiencing with some of our suppliers.
Doug: We're doing everything to get back on schedule.
Susan: Could you give me an approximate timeline?
Doug: A number of deliveries are arriving tomorrow. Unfortunately, this time of year is often troublesome.
Susan: That's not good. We can't make excuses to our clients. Are all shipments affected?
Doug: No, but it is summer and some companies are cutting back until September.
Susan: Where are most of our suppliers located?
Doug: Well, most of them are in China, but there are a few in California.
Susan: How does that affect deliveries?
Doug: Well, there are weather delays and shipment delays due to reduced production. Sometimes, larger packages are delayed because of a bottleneck at the distribution point.
Susan: Is there any way around these delays?
Doug: Well, we often work with delivery services such as UPS, Fed ex or DHL for our most urgent shipping. They guarantee door-to-door deliveries within 48 hours.
Susan: Are they expensive?
Doug: Yes, they're very expensive at that cuts into our bottom line.
Key Vocabulary
delay
supplier
to get back on schedule
timeline
delivery
shipment
to cut back
to make excuses
increased / reduced production
package
bottleneck
distribution point
bottom line
to cut into
Business English - Taking a Message
By Kenneth Beare
Taking a Message
Receptionist: Janson Wine Importers. Good Morning. How can I help you?
Caller: Could I speak to Mr Adams, please?
Receptionist: Who's calling please?
Caller: This is Anna Beare.
Receptionist: Sorry, I didn't catch your name.
Caller: Anna Beare. That's B E A R E
Receptionist: Thank you. And where are you calling from?
Caller: Sun Soaked Vineyards
Receptionist: OK Ms Beare. I'll try and put you through. … I'm sorry but the line's busy. Would you like to hold?
Caller: Could I leave a message?
Receptionist: Certainly.
Caller: Could you tell Mr Adams that our shipment will be postponed and that the 200 cases ordered should arrive next Monday.
Receptionist: Shipment delayed … arriving next Monday.
Caller: Yes, and could you ask him to call me back when the shipment arrives?
Receptionist: Certainly. Could you give me your number please?
Caller: Yes, it's 503-589-9087
Receptionist: That's 503-589-9087
Caller: Yes, that's right. Thanks for your help. Goodbye
Receptionist: Goodbye.
Key Vocabulary
to catch a person's name
to be busy / to be engaged
to hold the line
to leave a message
shipment
to postpone
to be delayed
to call someone back
Business English - Placing an Order
By Kenneth Beare
Placing an Order
on the telephone
Jane Tegal: Hello, this is Jane Tegal from Excellerator Co. calling. May I speak to Mr. Mitchell?
Arthur Mitchell: Hello Ms Tegal, this is Arthur Mitchell.
Jane Tegal: Hello, I'd like to place an order for a number of your Millennium desk units.
Arthur Mitchell: Certainly. How many were you interested in ordering for purchase?
Jane Tegal: Quite a few. Do you have many available in the warehouse?
Arthur Mitchell: We keep a large supply in stock. There's also a showroom with quite a few on hand. It shouldn't be a problem.
Jane Tegal: Well then. I'd like 75 units by the end of the month. Could I get an estimate before place an order?
Arthur Mitchell: Certainly, I'll have it for you by the end of the day.
Jane Tegal: What does the estimate include?
Arthur Mitchell: Estimates include merchandise, packaging and shipping, duty if required, any taxes and insurance.
Jane Tegal: Do you ship door-to-door?
Arthur Mitchell: Certainly, all shipments are door-to-door. Delivery dates depend on your location, but we can usually deliver within 14 business days.
Jane Tegal: Thank you for your help.
Arthur Mitchell: My pleasure. You can expect an e-mail by 5 this afternoon.
Key Vocabulary
unit to place an order
warehouse
to purchase
to be available
supply
in stock
showroom
to be on hand
estimate
door-to-door shipping
to depend on something
location
Business English - Putting Someone Through
By Kenneth Beare
Putting Someone Through
Receptionist: Janson Wine Importers. Good Morning. How can I help you?
Caller: Could I speak to Ms Simpleton, please?
Receptionist: Who's calling please?
Caller: This is Jack Reilly from Lookout Vineyards.
Receptionist: Sorry, I didn't get your name.
Caller: Jack Reilly. That's R E I L L Y.
Receptionist: Thank you. And where are you calling from?
Caller: Lookout Vineyards.
Receptionist: OK Mr Reilly. I'll try and put you through.
Caller: Thank you.
Receptionist: You're welcome.
Key Vocabulary
importer
to get someone's name
to put through
Business English - Directions to a Meeting
By Kenneth Beare
Directions to a Meeting
Mark: Linda, do you know how to get to Daniels Co.? I've never been there before.
Heather: Are you driving or taking the subway?
Mark: The subway.
Heather: Right. Take the no. 9 from West 72nd street. Get off at Times Square and change to the shuttle. Go across town and get off at Grand Central station. Go above ground and walk north on Park Avenue.
Mark: Just a moment, let me write this down!
Heather: Take the no. 9 from West 72nd street. Get off at Times Square and change to the shuttle. Got it?
Mark: Yes, thanks. Now, once I get to Times Square, which train do I take?
Heather: Change to the shuttle. Go across town and get off at Grand Central station. Go above ground and walk north on Park Avenue.
Mark: Can you repeat that?
Heather: Change to the shuttle. Go across town and get off at Grand Central station. Go above ground and walk north on Park Avenue.
Mark: Thanks Heather. How long does it take?
Heather: It takes about a half an hour. When is your meeting?
Mark: It's at nine. I'll leave at eight-thirty.
Heather: That's a busy time of day. You should leave at eight.
Mark: OK. Thanks Heather.
Heather: No problem.
Key Vocabulary
to get to somewhere
to take the subway
to change to another train
to go across town
to get off
to go above ground
to walk north / south / west / east
to take time
a busy time of day
Business English - How to Use an ATM
By Kenneth Beare
How to Use an ATM
Susan: How do I use the ATM?
Alan: First of all, put your card in this slot and enter your PIN.
Susan: OK. Then I choose withdrawal?
Alan: Yes, choose withdrawal, not account information.
Susan: What's next?
Alan: The ATM calls up your checking or savings account.
Susan: And then?
Alan: Enter the amount you want to take out of your account.
Susan: How much can I take out?
Alan: Most accounts have a limit of $400.
Susan: What happens after I enter the withdrawal amount?
Alan: The ATM gives you bills, usually $20 bills. Take the money and receipt from the slots.
Key Vocabulary
ATM - automatic teller machine
to put a card into a slot
PIN - personal identification number
to enter a PIN
withdrawal
account
checkin
savings
amount
to take out
limit
bill
receipt
Business English - Funds Transfer and Deposits
By Kenneth Beare
Funds Transfer and Deposits
Maria: Alice, have you transferred the funds to the Anderson account yet?
Alice: No, I haven't done that yet.
Maria: Good, there are a few changes we need to make.
Alice: Really? It's good I haven't had a chance to go to the bank yet. What has been changed?
Maria: They've asked to how the funds transferred into three different accounts. Here's the updated information.
Alice: This looks more complicated.
Maria: It's not that difficult. Just take along the account numbers, amounts and payment scheme to the bank with you.
Alice: Am I authorized to make these changes?
Maria: I can call ahead and let them know. Here's the PIN number in any case.
Alice: Is there anything else I need to do?
Maria: Yes, could you make these deposits when you go.
Alice: Certainly, which accounts do you want to use.
Maria: Deposit the checks into our savings account. Put the cash into checking
Alice: OK, I'll probably leave in about a half an hour.
Key Vocabulary
to transfer funds
updated
complicated
payment scheme
to be authorized to do something
to call ahead
PIN number
Business English - Sales Terminology
By Kenneth Beare
Sales Terminology
Julian: I'm new to this job, could you explain some of the terminology?
Jack: That's what I'm here for. Shoot.
Julian: What's the difference between retail and wholesale?
Jack: Wholesale is to distributors. Retail to consumers.
Julian: Distributors? Consumers?
Jack: Distributors are stores that sell our merchandise. Consumers are the people who buy the products.
Julian: Oh, I see. What's a bill of lading?
Jack: The bill of lading lists the merchandise shipped. It's included with every shipment or delivery.
Julian: I get what pre-paid means. That means the merchandise has been paid for. But, what's C.O.D.?
Jack: Cash on delivery.
Julian: What does that mean?
Jack: Exactly what it says: cash is paid upon receiving the goods. Of course, it could be a credit card or a check, as well.
Julian: Oh, I understand. What's a delivery fee?
Jack: The delivery fee is an extra charge that the customer pays to have the goods delivered.
Julian: I think I'm beginning to understand now.
Key Vocabulary
retail
wholesale
distributor
consumer
merchandise
bill of lading
pre-paid
COD - Cash on Delivery
to receive goods
fee
Business English - Looking for a Bookkeeper
By Kenneth Beare
Looking for a Bookkeeper
Bruce: Have you finished the balance sheets yet?
Alice: I've been working on them since 10 this morning. I'm almost done.
Bruce: No need to rush. I don't need them until tomorrow morning.
Alice: Janet told me we're looking for a new bookkeeper. Is that true?
Bruce: Yes, We've been looking, but no luck yet.
Alice: I know someone who'd be perfect.
Bruce: Oh really, does she have any experience?
Alice: Of course, she's been working for Smith CPA and Co. since 2004.
Bruce: Great. Ask her to come in for an interview.
Alice: Sounds good. She's not too happy in her current position. I'm sure she'll be interested in interviewing for the job.
Bruce: Oh, I almost forgot to ask ... have you opened the new accounts at Wells Fargo?
Alice: Yes, I have. Here are the account numbers, PIN number, and paperwork.
Bruce: Thanks. Well, let me know when you finish those balance sheets.
Alice: Sure, I should be done soon.
Key Vocabulary
balance sheet
to rush
bookkeeper
CPA
account number
PIN number
Business English - Hardware Deductions
By Kenneth Beare
Hardware Deductions
Mr. Sanders: Mark can we talk for a moment?
Mark: Sure, Mr. Sanders. What would you like to discuss?
Mr. Sanders: I'd like to look into the Johnson account for a moment.
Mark: I did the bookkeeping yesterday and updated the balance sheet.
Mr. Sanders: Yes, I don't understand some of these deductions.
Mark: Do you mean the amortization costs?
Mr. Sanders: You deducted $35,000 for depreciation of hardware.
Mark: That's based on their accounting criteria. I got the amount from their bookkeeper.
Mr. Sanders: It seems too much to me.
Mark: Remember that computer equipment tends to depreciate faster than office furniture.
Mr. Sanders: I guess so. I'll take your word for it. Did they approve the balance?
Mark: Yes, it was OKed yesterday afternoon.
Mr. Sanders: The net growth looks fantastic this year.
Mark: It sure does! The bottom-line grew by 17%.
Key Vocabulary
to discuss
to look into something
bookkeeping
to update
balance sheet
amortization
cost
depreciation
hardware
accounting
bookkeeper
computer equipment
office furniture
balance
to take someone's word for something
to ok something
net growth
bottom-line
Paperwork
Business English - WebVisions Conference
By Kenneth Beare
WebVisions Conference
Robert: I'm going to Portland on Thursday. There's a internet expo on. It's called WebVisions.
Alice: What is the schedule like?
Robert: As soon as I arrive, the keynote speech begins.
Alice: ... and after that?
Robert: When the keynote ends, we'll have two hours to check out the booths.
Alice: Are you making any presentations?
Robert: No, I'm just attending this conference.
Alice: Is Tad Wilson presenting?
Robert: No, but he's giving a workshop on Monday.
Alice: When are you coming back?
Robert: I'm flying back on Saturday morning.
Alice: Remember you are meeting with Trevor on Monday morning at nine o'clock sharp!
Robert:Oh, thanks! I forgot about that ...
Alice: Have a good trip!
Key Vocabulary
expo
schedule
keynote speech
to check something out
booth
presentation
to attend
workshop
at X o'clock sharp
Business English - Tomorrow's Meeting
By Kenneth Beare
Tomorrow's Meeting
Alice: We're having a meeting tomorrow. Can you make it?
Kevin: When is it taking place?
Alice: We're planning on 10 o'clock. Is that OK?
Kevin: Yes, that'll be fine.
Alice: We're going to go over last quarter's sales figures.
Kevin: Good. I have some input I'd like to make.
Alice: Frank is also going to make some suggestions on improving the bottom line.
Kevin: That'll be interesting. He's got keen insights.
Alice: Yes, he's going to outline some new sales strategies.
Kevin: Is Alan attending?
Alice: No, he's flying to San Francisco and won't be able to make it.
Kevin: Oh well, maybe He'll phone in.
Key Vocabulary
to make a meeting
to take place
sales figures
quarter
bottom line
insight
strategy
to phone in
Business English - Discussing Ideas at a Meeting
By Kenneth Beare
Discussing Ideas at a Meeting
Chairman: I'd like to open today's meeting. Robert?
Robert: First, I'll quickly go over the main points of the last meeting.
Chairman: …. (finishes) , if no one has anything to add, let's move on to today's agenda.
Robert: I suggest we each give a little background on the suggestions we discussed last week.
Chairman:Could you repeat that, please?
Robert: Let's start by going over the research you've done on the suggestions.
Chairman: You'll find most of the information outlined in the summary documents in front of you.
Robert: These figures are interesting. It's clear to me that customer communications are not working as they should.
Chairman: Yes, our marketing efforts really haven't been effective to date.
Robert: I suggest we break up into groups and discuss how we can improve our message.
Chairman: Unfortunately, we're almost out of time. I suggest you submit your ideas on marketing and we can discuss the best next week.
Robert: Before we close, could we quickly discuss the Armstrong situation?
Key Vocabulary
to open a meeting
to go over
main points
to add something to a discussion
agenda
to move on
to give some background
outlined
summary documents
figures
communications
marketing efforts
to date
to break up into groups
out of time
to close a meeting
Business English - Happy Shareholders
By Kenneth Beare
Happy Shareholders
Director: Can we go over some figures please?
Assistant: Yes, our shareholders' meeting is soon. I think it'd be a good idea to review the key numbers.
Director: What has our total outlay been this year?
Assistant: Our expenditures are estimated at $4,320,000.
Director: What percentage is that is research and development?
Assistant: About 27%. We've invested heavily in developing some new technologies.
Director: What is our gross operating profit?
Assistant: Approximately 1.4 million.
Director: What kind of margin does that represent?
Assistant: The gross operating margin is at 24% for the year.
Director: That's impressive. That's up from last year, isn't it? About 10 points I think.
Assistant: That's right. We're solidly in the black. As a matter of fact, this is our fifth year straight.
Director: Shareholders will be happy.
Assistant: They should be! This kind of growth in the current market is remarkable.
Director: Hopefully the shareholders won't veto any further R & D allocation.
Assistant: I think they trust the board to continue doing the right thing.
Key Vocabulary
figures
shareholders
key numbers
outlay
expenditure
R & D - Research and Development
gross operating profit
margin
gross operating margin
to be up
in the black - in the red
remarkable
to veto
allocation
the board
By Kenneth Beare
On a Business Trip - A Presentation
Betsy: Hi Brian, this is Betsy. How are you doing?
Brian: I've just returned from the Head Office. The weather is great! Boston is a great city!
Betsy: Have you met Frank yet?
Brian: No, I haven't seen him yet. We have a meeting at 10 o'clock tomorrow morning. We are going to meet then.
Betsy: Have you made your presentation yet?
Brian: Yes, I made the presentation yesterday afternoon. I was very nervous, but everything went well.
Betsy: Has management given you any feedback yet?
Brian: Yes, I've already met with the sales director. We met immediately after the meeting and he was impressed with our work.
Betsy: That's great Brian. Congratulations! Have you visited any museums yet?
Brian: No, I'm afraid I haven't had any time yet. I hope to take a tour around town tomorrow.
Betsy: Well, I'm happy to hear that everything is going well. I'll talk to you soon.
Brian: Thanks for calling Betsy. Bye.
Betsy: Bye.
Business Jargon - Advanced Level Dialogue
By Kenneth Beare
Tim: Hey, can I get a little facetime?
Randall: Sure, let's dialogue.
Tim: Great. I tried to ping you earlier, but you weren't in.
Randall: Yeah, I had to handle some pushback on my proposal.
Tim: Really, why was that?
Randall: Well, I've come up with a number of synergies in the value chain. My value proposition was to seamlessly integrate our customer service reps.
Tim: Sounds like a win-win. How long is the ramp-up?
Randall: That's the problem. I projected a roll-out in two months. C-level people want to dial-in the project in two weeks.
Tim: ...but you're proposing an end-to-end solution!
Randall: Yeah, I know. I had the time-frame mapped out for all the deliverables, too.
Tim: Sometimes you have to wonder about high-level management's capabilities to leverage people like you!
Randall: You're much too kind! Anyway, what was it you wanted to talk to me about?
Tim: Nothing much, I just wanted to give you a heads-up on some performance management issues I've been having with Pete.
Randall: No room to breathe?
Tim: You've got it ....
Translation into easy (well, easier) English:
Tim: Hey, do you have some time for me?
Randall: Sure, let's talk.
Tim: Great. I tried to contact you earlier, but you weren't in.
Randall: Yeah, I had to manage some complaints about my idea for the company.
Tim: Really, why was that?
Randall: Well, I thought of a number of tasks that can complement each other in how we provide our service. My improvement idea was to include our customer service representatives our processes.
Tim: That sounds like a good idea for everybody. How long will it take to put your plan into action?
Randall: That's the problem. I think it will take two months to put into place. The directors want to put the project into action in two weeks.
Tim: ...but you've suggested a complete solution to the problem!
Randall: Yes, I know. I had developed a schedule for all of the improvements, too.
Tim: Sometimes it's difficult to understand why upper management can't take advantage of people like you!
Randall: You're much too kind! Anyway, what was it you wanted to talk to me about?
Tim: Nothing much. I just wanted to tell you ahead of time about some problems I'm having with Pete trying to control everything I do.
Randall: No room for your own efforts?
Tim: That's right.
Key Vocabulary
facetime (noun)- time together
to dialogue (verb) - to speak
to ping (verb) - to contact someone
pushback (noun) - to object to, complain about
synergies (noun) - combinations in efforts that improve something
value chain (noun) - the group of processes that provide something positive
value proposition (noun) - the improvement idea
seamlessly (adverb) - flowing smoothly
to integrate (verb) - to include in a process
win-win (noun, also used as an adjective) - successful outcome for everyone involved
ramp-up (noun, also used as a verb) - time it takes to do something
roll-out (noun, also used as a verb) - time it takes to do something
C-level (adjective) - upper management, directors
to dial-in (verb) - time it takes to do something
end-to-end (adjective) - complete
time-frame (noun) - amount of time needed
to map out (verb) - to plan
deliverables (noun) - specific improvements or products to be made
to leverage (verb) - to take advantage of something
heads-up (noun) - notice of something
performance management (noun) - way of managing someone
Business English - Deliveries and Suppliers
By Kenneth Beare
Deliveries and Suppliers
Susan: Doug, can I talk with you for a moment?
Doug: What can I do for you Susan?
Susan: I'm concerned about the delays we're experiencing with some of our suppliers.
Doug: We're doing everything to get back on schedule.
Susan: Could you give me an approximate timeline?
Doug: A number of deliveries are arriving tomorrow. Unfortunately, this time of year is often troublesome.
Susan: That's not good. We can't make excuses to our clients. Are all shipments affected?
Doug: No, but it is summer and some companies are cutting back until September.
Susan: Where are most of our suppliers located?
Doug: Well, most of them are in China, but there are a few in California.
Susan: How does that affect deliveries?
Doug: Well, there are weather delays and shipment delays due to reduced production. Sometimes, larger packages are delayed because of a bottleneck at the distribution point.
Susan: Is there any way around these delays?
Doug: Well, we often work with delivery services such as UPS, Fed ex or DHL for our most urgent shipping. They guarantee door-to-door deliveries within 48 hours.
Susan: Are they expensive?
Doug: Yes, they're very expensive at that cuts into our bottom line.
Key Vocabulary
delay
supplier
to get back on schedule
timeline
delivery
shipment
to cut back
to make excuses
increased / reduced production
package
bottleneck
distribution point
bottom line
to cut into
Business English - Taking a Message
By Kenneth Beare
Taking a Message
Receptionist: Janson Wine Importers. Good Morning. How can I help you?
Caller: Could I speak to Mr Adams, please?
Receptionist: Who's calling please?
Caller: This is Anna Beare.
Receptionist: Sorry, I didn't catch your name.
Caller: Anna Beare. That's B E A R E
Receptionist: Thank you. And where are you calling from?
Caller: Sun Soaked Vineyards
Receptionist: OK Ms Beare. I'll try and put you through. … I'm sorry but the line's busy. Would you like to hold?
Caller: Could I leave a message?
Receptionist: Certainly.
Caller: Could you tell Mr Adams that our shipment will be postponed and that the 200 cases ordered should arrive next Monday.
Receptionist: Shipment delayed … arriving next Monday.
Caller: Yes, and could you ask him to call me back when the shipment arrives?
Receptionist: Certainly. Could you give me your number please?
Caller: Yes, it's 503-589-9087
Receptionist: That's 503-589-9087
Caller: Yes, that's right. Thanks for your help. Goodbye
Receptionist: Goodbye.
Key Vocabulary
to catch a person's name
to be busy / to be engaged
to hold the line
to leave a message
shipment
to postpone
to be delayed
to call someone back
Business English - Placing an Order
By Kenneth Beare
Placing an Order
on the telephone
Jane Tegal: Hello, this is Jane Tegal from Excellerator Co. calling. May I speak to Mr. Mitchell?
Arthur Mitchell: Hello Ms Tegal, this is Arthur Mitchell.
Jane Tegal: Hello, I'd like to place an order for a number of your Millennium desk units.
Arthur Mitchell: Certainly. How many were you interested in ordering for purchase?
Jane Tegal: Quite a few. Do you have many available in the warehouse?
Arthur Mitchell: We keep a large supply in stock. There's also a showroom with quite a few on hand. It shouldn't be a problem.
Jane Tegal: Well then. I'd like 75 units by the end of the month. Could I get an estimate before place an order?
Arthur Mitchell: Certainly, I'll have it for you by the end of the day.
Jane Tegal: What does the estimate include?
Arthur Mitchell: Estimates include merchandise, packaging and shipping, duty if required, any taxes and insurance.
Jane Tegal: Do you ship door-to-door?
Arthur Mitchell: Certainly, all shipments are door-to-door. Delivery dates depend on your location, but we can usually deliver within 14 business days.
Jane Tegal: Thank you for your help.
Arthur Mitchell: My pleasure. You can expect an e-mail by 5 this afternoon.
Key Vocabulary
unit to place an order
warehouse
to purchase
to be available
supply
in stock
showroom
to be on hand
estimate
door-to-door shipping
to depend on something
location
Business English - Putting Someone Through
By Kenneth Beare
Putting Someone Through
Receptionist: Janson Wine Importers. Good Morning. How can I help you?
Caller: Could I speak to Ms Simpleton, please?
Receptionist: Who's calling please?
Caller: This is Jack Reilly from Lookout Vineyards.
Receptionist: Sorry, I didn't get your name.
Caller: Jack Reilly. That's R E I L L Y.
Receptionist: Thank you. And where are you calling from?
Caller: Lookout Vineyards.
Receptionist: OK Mr Reilly. I'll try and put you through.
Caller: Thank you.
Receptionist: You're welcome.
Key Vocabulary
importer
to get someone's name
to put through
Business English - Directions to a Meeting
By Kenneth Beare
Directions to a Meeting
Mark: Linda, do you know how to get to Daniels Co.? I've never been there before.
Heather: Are you driving or taking the subway?
Mark: The subway.
Heather: Right. Take the no. 9 from West 72nd street. Get off at Times Square and change to the shuttle. Go across town and get off at Grand Central station. Go above ground and walk north on Park Avenue.
Mark: Just a moment, let me write this down!
Heather: Take the no. 9 from West 72nd street. Get off at Times Square and change to the shuttle. Got it?
Mark: Yes, thanks. Now, once I get to Times Square, which train do I take?
Heather: Change to the shuttle. Go across town and get off at Grand Central station. Go above ground and walk north on Park Avenue.
Mark: Can you repeat that?
Heather: Change to the shuttle. Go across town and get off at Grand Central station. Go above ground and walk north on Park Avenue.
Mark: Thanks Heather. How long does it take?
Heather: It takes about a half an hour. When is your meeting?
Mark: It's at nine. I'll leave at eight-thirty.
Heather: That's a busy time of day. You should leave at eight.
Mark: OK. Thanks Heather.
Heather: No problem.
Key Vocabulary
to get to somewhere
to take the subway
to change to another train
to go across town
to get off
to go above ground
to walk north / south / west / east
to take time
a busy time of day
Business English - How to Use an ATM
By Kenneth Beare
How to Use an ATM
Susan: How do I use the ATM?
Alan: First of all, put your card in this slot and enter your PIN.
Susan: OK. Then I choose withdrawal?
Alan: Yes, choose withdrawal, not account information.
Susan: What's next?
Alan: The ATM calls up your checking or savings account.
Susan: And then?
Alan: Enter the amount you want to take out of your account.
Susan: How much can I take out?
Alan: Most accounts have a limit of $400.
Susan: What happens after I enter the withdrawal amount?
Alan: The ATM gives you bills, usually $20 bills. Take the money and receipt from the slots.
Key Vocabulary
ATM - automatic teller machine
to put a card into a slot
PIN - personal identification number
to enter a PIN
withdrawal
account
checkin
savings
amount
to take out
limit
bill
receipt
Business English - Funds Transfer and Deposits
By Kenneth Beare
Funds Transfer and Deposits
Maria: Alice, have you transferred the funds to the Anderson account yet?
Alice: No, I haven't done that yet.
Maria: Good, there are a few changes we need to make.
Alice: Really? It's good I haven't had a chance to go to the bank yet. What has been changed?
Maria: They've asked to how the funds transferred into three different accounts. Here's the updated information.
Alice: This looks more complicated.
Maria: It's not that difficult. Just take along the account numbers, amounts and payment scheme to the bank with you.
Alice: Am I authorized to make these changes?
Maria: I can call ahead and let them know. Here's the PIN number in any case.
Alice: Is there anything else I need to do?
Maria: Yes, could you make these deposits when you go.
Alice: Certainly, which accounts do you want to use.
Maria: Deposit the checks into our savings account. Put the cash into checking
Alice: OK, I'll probably leave in about a half an hour.
Key Vocabulary
to transfer funds
updated
complicated
payment scheme
to be authorized to do something
to call ahead
PIN number
Business English - Sales Terminology
By Kenneth Beare
Sales Terminology
Julian: I'm new to this job, could you explain some of the terminology?
Jack: That's what I'm here for. Shoot.
Julian: What's the difference between retail and wholesale?
Jack: Wholesale is to distributors. Retail to consumers.
Julian: Distributors? Consumers?
Jack: Distributors are stores that sell our merchandise. Consumers are the people who buy the products.
Julian: Oh, I see. What's a bill of lading?
Jack: The bill of lading lists the merchandise shipped. It's included with every shipment or delivery.
Julian: I get what pre-paid means. That means the merchandise has been paid for. But, what's C.O.D.?
Jack: Cash on delivery.
Julian: What does that mean?
Jack: Exactly what it says: cash is paid upon receiving the goods. Of course, it could be a credit card or a check, as well.
Julian: Oh, I understand. What's a delivery fee?
Jack: The delivery fee is an extra charge that the customer pays to have the goods delivered.
Julian: I think I'm beginning to understand now.
Key Vocabulary
retail
wholesale
distributor
consumer
merchandise
bill of lading
pre-paid
COD - Cash on Delivery
to receive goods
fee
Business English - Looking for a Bookkeeper
By Kenneth Beare
Looking for a Bookkeeper
Bruce: Have you finished the balance sheets yet?
Alice: I've been working on them since 10 this morning. I'm almost done.
Bruce: No need to rush. I don't need them until tomorrow morning.
Alice: Janet told me we're looking for a new bookkeeper. Is that true?
Bruce: Yes, We've been looking, but no luck yet.
Alice: I know someone who'd be perfect.
Bruce: Oh really, does she have any experience?
Alice: Of course, she's been working for Smith CPA and Co. since 2004.
Bruce: Great. Ask her to come in for an interview.
Alice: Sounds good. She's not too happy in her current position. I'm sure she'll be interested in interviewing for the job.
Bruce: Oh, I almost forgot to ask ... have you opened the new accounts at Wells Fargo?
Alice: Yes, I have. Here are the account numbers, PIN number, and paperwork.
Bruce: Thanks. Well, let me know when you finish those balance sheets.
Alice: Sure, I should be done soon.
Key Vocabulary
balance sheet
to rush
bookkeeper
CPA
account number
PIN number
Business English - Hardware Deductions
By Kenneth Beare
Hardware Deductions
Mr. Sanders: Mark can we talk for a moment?
Mark: Sure, Mr. Sanders. What would you like to discuss?
Mr. Sanders: I'd like to look into the Johnson account for a moment.
Mark: I did the bookkeeping yesterday and updated the balance sheet.
Mr. Sanders: Yes, I don't understand some of these deductions.
Mark: Do you mean the amortization costs?
Mr. Sanders: You deducted $35,000 for depreciation of hardware.
Mark: That's based on their accounting criteria. I got the amount from their bookkeeper.
Mr. Sanders: It seems too much to me.
Mark: Remember that computer equipment tends to depreciate faster than office furniture.
Mr. Sanders: I guess so. I'll take your word for it. Did they approve the balance?
Mark: Yes, it was OKed yesterday afternoon.
Mr. Sanders: The net growth looks fantastic this year.
Mark: It sure does! The bottom-line grew by 17%.
Key Vocabulary
to discuss
to look into something
bookkeeping
to update
balance sheet
amortization
cost
depreciation
hardware
accounting
bookkeeper
computer equipment
office furniture
balance
to take someone's word for something
to ok something
net growth
bottom-line
Paperwork
Business English - WebVisions Conference
By Kenneth Beare
WebVisions Conference
Robert: I'm going to Portland on Thursday. There's a internet expo on. It's called WebVisions.
Alice: What is the schedule like?
Robert: As soon as I arrive, the keynote speech begins.
Alice: ... and after that?
Robert: When the keynote ends, we'll have two hours to check out the booths.
Alice: Are you making any presentations?
Robert: No, I'm just attending this conference.
Alice: Is Tad Wilson presenting?
Robert: No, but he's giving a workshop on Monday.
Alice: When are you coming back?
Robert: I'm flying back on Saturday morning.
Alice: Remember you are meeting with Trevor on Monday morning at nine o'clock sharp!
Robert:Oh, thanks! I forgot about that ...
Alice: Have a good trip!
Key Vocabulary
expo
schedule
keynote speech
to check something out
booth
presentation
to attend
workshop
at X o'clock sharp
Business English - Tomorrow's Meeting
By Kenneth Beare
Tomorrow's Meeting
Alice: We're having a meeting tomorrow. Can you make it?
Kevin: When is it taking place?
Alice: We're planning on 10 o'clock. Is that OK?
Kevin: Yes, that'll be fine.
Alice: We're going to go over last quarter's sales figures.
Kevin: Good. I have some input I'd like to make.
Alice: Frank is also going to make some suggestions on improving the bottom line.
Kevin: That'll be interesting. He's got keen insights.
Alice: Yes, he's going to outline some new sales strategies.
Kevin: Is Alan attending?
Alice: No, he's flying to San Francisco and won't be able to make it.
Kevin: Oh well, maybe He'll phone in.
Key Vocabulary
to make a meeting
to take place
sales figures
quarter
bottom line
insight
strategy
to phone in
Business English - Discussing Ideas at a Meeting
By Kenneth Beare
Discussing Ideas at a Meeting
Chairman: I'd like to open today's meeting. Robert?
Robert: First, I'll quickly go over the main points of the last meeting.
Chairman: …. (finishes) , if no one has anything to add, let's move on to today's agenda.
Robert: I suggest we each give a little background on the suggestions we discussed last week.
Chairman:Could you repeat that, please?
Robert: Let's start by going over the research you've done on the suggestions.
Chairman: You'll find most of the information outlined in the summary documents in front of you.
Robert: These figures are interesting. It's clear to me that customer communications are not working as they should.
Chairman: Yes, our marketing efforts really haven't been effective to date.
Robert: I suggest we break up into groups and discuss how we can improve our message.
Chairman: Unfortunately, we're almost out of time. I suggest you submit your ideas on marketing and we can discuss the best next week.
Robert: Before we close, could we quickly discuss the Armstrong situation?
Key Vocabulary
to open a meeting
to go over
main points
to add something to a discussion
agenda
to move on
to give some background
outlined
summary documents
figures
communications
marketing efforts
to date
to break up into groups
out of time
to close a meeting
Business English - Happy Shareholders
By Kenneth Beare
Happy Shareholders
Director: Can we go over some figures please?
Assistant: Yes, our shareholders' meeting is soon. I think it'd be a good idea to review the key numbers.
Director: What has our total outlay been this year?
Assistant: Our expenditures are estimated at $4,320,000.
Director: What percentage is that is research and development?
Assistant: About 27%. We've invested heavily in developing some new technologies.
Director: What is our gross operating profit?
Assistant: Approximately 1.4 million.
Director: What kind of margin does that represent?
Assistant: The gross operating margin is at 24% for the year.
Director: That's impressive. That's up from last year, isn't it? About 10 points I think.
Assistant: That's right. We're solidly in the black. As a matter of fact, this is our fifth year straight.
Director: Shareholders will be happy.
Assistant: They should be! This kind of growth in the current market is remarkable.
Director: Hopefully the shareholders won't veto any further R & D allocation.
Assistant: I think they trust the board to continue doing the right thing.
Key Vocabulary
figures
shareholders
key numbers
outlay
expenditure
R & D - Research and Development
gross operating profit
margin
gross operating margin
to be up
in the black - in the red
remarkable
to veto
allocation
the board
Tuesday, December 16, 2008
Adverb or Adjective - Which should I use?
Adverb or Adjective - Which should I use?
From Kenneth Beare
Adjectives Modify Nouns
Adjectives are placed directly before a noun:
Examples:
Tom is an excellent singer.
I bought a comfortable chair.
She's thinking about buying a new house.
Adjectives are also used in simple sentences with the verb 'to be'. In this case, the adjective describes the subject of the sentence:
Examples:
Jack is happy.
Peter was very tired.
Mary'll be excited when you tell her.
Adverbs
Adverbs Modify Verbs, Adjectives and Other Adverbs
Adverbs are easily recognized because they end in '-ly' (with a few exceptions!):
Examples:
Adjective - careful / Adverb - carefully
Adjective - quick / Adverb - quickly
Adverbs are often used at the end of a sentence to modify the verb:
Examples:
Jack drove carelessly.
Tom played the match intelligently.
Jason talks about his classes constantly.
From Kenneth Beare
Adjectives Modify Nouns
Adjectives are placed directly before a noun:
Examples:
Tom is an excellent singer.
I bought a comfortable chair.
She's thinking about buying a new house.
Adjectives are also used in simple sentences with the verb 'to be'. In this case, the adjective describes the subject of the sentence:
Examples:
Jack is happy.
Peter was very tired.
Mary'll be excited when you tell her.
Adverbs
Adverbs Modify Verbs, Adjectives and Other Adverbs
Adverbs are easily recognized because they end in '-ly' (with a few exceptions!):
Examples:
Adjective - careful / Adverb - carefully
Adjective - quick / Adverb - quickly
Adverbs are often used at the end of a sentence to modify the verb:
Examples:
Jack drove carelessly.
Tom played the match intelligently.
Jason talks about his classes constantly.
Imperative Form
Imperative Form
From Kenneth Beare
Use the imperative form when giving instructions or orders. The imperative is also very common in written instructions. Be careful when you use the imperative, as it is often considered impolite in English. If someone asks you for instructions, use the imperative. If, on the other hand, you would like to request that someone do something use a polite question form.
There is only one imperative form for both 'you' singular and plural.
Examples:
Hurry up!
Take the first left, go straight on and the supermarket is on the left.
Positive
Base Form of Verb + Objects
Turn the music down, please.
Insert coins into the slot.
Negative
Do + Not + Base Form of Verb + Objects
Do not smoke in this building. Don't rush, I'm not in a hurry
From Kenneth Beare
Use the imperative form when giving instructions or orders. The imperative is also very common in written instructions. Be careful when you use the imperative, as it is often considered impolite in English. If someone asks you for instructions, use the imperative. If, on the other hand, you would like to request that someone do something use a polite question form.
There is only one imperative form for both 'you' singular and plural.
Examples:
Hurry up!
Take the first left, go straight on and the supermarket is on the left.
Positive
Base Form of Verb + Objects
Turn the music down, please.
Insert coins into the slot.
Negative
Do + Not + Base Form of Verb + Objects
Do not smoke in this building. Don't rush, I'm not in a hurry
Adverbs of Frequency - Rules for Use
Adverbs of Frequency - Rules for Use
From Kenneth Beare, About.com
Use adverbs of frequency to say how often you do something. Adverbs of frequency are often used with the present simple because they indicate repeated or routine activities. For example, They often go out for dinner.
Adverbs of frequency include (form most often to least often):
always
usually
often
sometimes
occasionally
seldom
rarely
never
If the sentence has one verb (e.g. no auxiliary verb) put the adverb in the middle of the sentence after the subject and before the verb.
Examples
Tom usually goes to work by car.
Janet never flies. She always goes by bus.
Adverbs of frequency come after the verb 'be':
Examples
I am never late for work.
Peter is often at school.
If the sentence has more than one verb (e.g. auxiliary verb), put the adverb of frequency before the main verb.
Examples
I can never remember anything!
They have often visited Rome.
When using adverbs of frequency in the question or negative form, put the adverb of frequency before the main verb.
Examples
She doesn't often visit Europe.
Do you usually get up early?
From Kenneth Beare, About.com
Use adverbs of frequency to say how often you do something. Adverbs of frequency are often used with the present simple because they indicate repeated or routine activities. For example, They often go out for dinner.
Adverbs of frequency include (form most often to least often):
always
usually
often
sometimes
occasionally
seldom
rarely
never
If the sentence has one verb (e.g. no auxiliary verb) put the adverb in the middle of the sentence after the subject and before the verb.
Examples
Tom usually goes to work by car.
Janet never flies. She always goes by bus.
Adverbs of frequency come after the verb 'be':
Examples
I am never late for work.
Peter is often at school.
If the sentence has more than one verb (e.g. auxiliary verb), put the adverb of frequency before the main verb.
Examples
I can never remember anything!
They have often visited Rome.
When using adverbs of frequency in the question or negative form, put the adverb of frequency before the main verb.
Examples
She doesn't often visit Europe.
Do you usually get up early?
Time Expressions and Tenses
Time Expressions and Tenses
From Kenneth Beare
Time expressions are used to indicate the time at / during which an action took place. Common time expressions include:
Present forms: everyday, on Fridays, at the moment, now, as well as adverbs of frequency such as always, usually, sometimes (for present habits and routines). Days of the weeks followed by 's' such as Mondays, Tuesdays, etc.
Examples
He sometimes finishes work early.
Marjorie is listening to the radio at the moment.
Peter goes jogging on Saturdays.
Past forms: when I was ..., last week, day, year, etc., yesterday, ago (two weeks ago, three years ago, four months ago, etc.)
Examples
He visited his friends last week.
I didn't see you two days ago.
Jane flew to Boston yesterday.
Future forms: next week, year, etc., tomorrow, by (the end of the week, Thursday, next year, etc.) in X time (in two weeks time, in four months time, etc.)
Examples
I'm going to attend a conference next week.
It won't snow tomorrow.
They're going to visit New York in two weeks.
Perfect forms: since, yet, already, just, for
Examples
Michael has worked here since 1998.
Have you finished reading the paper yet?
He's just gone to the bank.
From Kenneth Beare
Time expressions are used to indicate the time at / during which an action took place. Common time expressions include:
Present forms: everyday, on Fridays, at the moment, now, as well as adverbs of frequency such as always, usually, sometimes (for present habits and routines). Days of the weeks followed by 's' such as Mondays, Tuesdays, etc.
Examples
He sometimes finishes work early.
Marjorie is listening to the radio at the moment.
Peter goes jogging on Saturdays.
Past forms: when I was ..., last week, day, year, etc., yesterday, ago (two weeks ago, three years ago, four months ago, etc.)
Examples
He visited his friends last week.
I didn't see you two days ago.
Jane flew to Boston yesterday.
Future forms: next week, year, etc., tomorrow, by (the end of the week, Thursday, next year, etc.) in X time (in two weeks time, in four months time, etc.)
Examples
I'm going to attend a conference next week.
It won't snow tomorrow.
They're going to visit New York in two weeks.
Perfect forms: since, yet, already, just, for
Examples
Michael has worked here since 1998.
Have you finished reading the paper yet?
He's just gone to the bank.
Superlative Forms - Understanding the English Superlative Form
Superlative Forms - Understanding the English Superlative Form
From Kenneth Beare
Here is a chart showing how to construct the superlative form in English:
One Syllable Adjectives
place 'the' before the adjective and add '-est' to end of the adjective (Note: double the final consonant if preceded by a vowel)
Example: cheap - the cheapest / hot - the hottest / high - the highest
Example Sentences
Today is the hottest day of the summer.
This book is the cheapest I can find.
Two, Three or More Syllable Adjectives
place 'the most' before the adjective
Example: interesting - the most interesting / difficult - the most difficult
Example Sentences
London is the most expensive city in England.
That is the most beautiful painting here.
Two Syllable Adjectives Ending in '-y' place 'the' before the adjective and remove the 'y' from the adjective and add 'iest'
Example: happy - the happiest / funny - the funniest
Example Sentences
New York is the noisiest city in the USA.
He is the most important person I know.
IMPORTANT EXCEPTIONS
There are some important exceptions to these rules. Here are two of the most important exceptions:
good
good - adjective
the best - superlative
Example Sentences
Peter is the best golf player in the school.
This is the best school in the city.
bad
bad - adjective
the worst - superlative
Example Sentences
Jane is the worst student in the class.
This is the worst day of my life.
From Kenneth Beare
Here is a chart showing how to construct the superlative form in English:
One Syllable Adjectives
place 'the' before the adjective and add '-est' to end of the adjective (Note: double the final consonant if preceded by a vowel)
Example: cheap - the cheapest / hot - the hottest / high - the highest
Example Sentences
Today is the hottest day of the summer.
This book is the cheapest I can find.
Two, Three or More Syllable Adjectives
place 'the most' before the adjective
Example: interesting - the most interesting / difficult - the most difficult
Example Sentences
London is the most expensive city in England.
That is the most beautiful painting here.
Two Syllable Adjectives Ending in '-y' place 'the' before the adjective and remove the 'y' from the adjective and add 'iest'
Example: happy - the happiest / funny - the funniest
Example Sentences
New York is the noisiest city in the USA.
He is the most important person I know.
IMPORTANT EXCEPTIONS
There are some important exceptions to these rules. Here are two of the most important exceptions:
good
good - adjective
the best - superlative
Example Sentences
Peter is the best golf player in the school.
This is the best school in the city.
bad
bad - adjective
the worst - superlative
Example Sentences
Jane is the worst student in the class.
This is the worst day of my life.
Comparative Forms in English
Comparative Forms in English
We use the comparative and superlative form to compare and contrast different objects in English. Use the comparative form to show the difference between two objects. Example: New York is more exciting than Seattle. Use the superlative form when speaking about three or more objects to show which object is 'the most' of something. Example: New York is the most exciting city in the USA.
Here is a chart showing how to construct the comparative form in English. Notice in the example sentences that we use 'than' to compare the two objects:
One Syllable Adjectives
add '-er' to end of the adjective (Note: double the final consonant if preceded by a vowel) remove the 'y' from the adjective and add 'ier'
Example: cheap - cheaper / hot - hotter / high - higher
Example Sentences
Yesterday was hotter than today.
This book is cheaper than that book.
Two Syllable Adjectives Ending in '-y'
Example: happy - happier / funny - funnier
Example Sentences
I am happier than you.
That joke was funnier than his joke.
Two, Three or More Syllable Adjectives
place 'more' before the adjective
Example: interesting - more interesting / difficult - more difficult
Example Sentences
London is more expensive than Madrid.
This test is more difficult than the last test.
IMPORTANT EXCEPTIONS
There are some important exceptions to these rules. Here are two of the most important exceptions:
good
good - adjective
better - comparative
Example Sentences
This book is better than that one.
I am better at tennis than my sister.
bad
bad - adjective
worse - comparative
Example Sentences
His French is worse than mine.
His singing is worse than Tom's.
We use the comparative and superlative form to compare and contrast different objects in English. Use the comparative form to show the difference between two objects. Example: New York is more exciting than Seattle. Use the superlative form when speaking about three or more objects to show which object is 'the most' of something. Example: New York is the most exciting city in the USA.
Here is a chart showing how to construct the comparative form in English. Notice in the example sentences that we use 'than' to compare the two objects:
One Syllable Adjectives
add '-er' to end of the adjective (Note: double the final consonant if preceded by a vowel) remove the 'y' from the adjective and add 'ier'
Example: cheap - cheaper / hot - hotter / high - higher
Example Sentences
Yesterday was hotter than today.
This book is cheaper than that book.
Two Syllable Adjectives Ending in '-y'
Example: happy - happier / funny - funnier
Example Sentences
I am happier than you.
That joke was funnier than his joke.
Two, Three or More Syllable Adjectives
place 'more' before the adjective
Example: interesting - more interesting / difficult - more difficult
Example Sentences
London is more expensive than Madrid.
This test is more difficult than the last test.
IMPORTANT EXCEPTIONS
There are some important exceptions to these rules. Here are two of the most important exceptions:
good
good - adjective
better - comparative
Example Sentences
This book is better than that one.
I am better at tennis than my sister.
bad
bad - adjective
worse - comparative
Example Sentences
His French is worse than mine.
His singing is worse than Tom's.
Count and Non-Count Nouns - Understanding Nouns
Count and Non-Count Nouns - Understanding Nouns
From Kenneth Beare
What are countable nouns?
Countable nouns are individual objects, people, places, etc. which can be counted.
books, Italians, pictures, stations, men, etc.
A countable noun can be both singular - a friend, a house, etc. - or plural - a few apples, lots of trees, etc.
Use the singular form of the verb with a singular countable noun:
There is a book on the table.
That student is excellent!
Use the plural form of the verb with a countable noun in the plural:
There are some students in the classroom.
Those houses are very big, aren't they?
What are uncountable nouns?
Uncountable nouns are materials, concepts, information, etc. which are not individual objects and can not be counted.
information, water, understanding, wood, cheese, etc.
Uncountable nouns are always singular. Use the singular form of the verb with uncountable nouns:
There is some water in that pitcher.
That is the equipment we use for the project.
Adjectives with Countable and Uncountable Nouns.
Use a/an with countable nouns preceded by an adjective(s):
Tom is a very intelligent young man.
I have a beautiful grey cat.
Do not use a/an with uncountable nouns preceded by an adjective(s):
That is very useful information.
There is some cold beer in the fridge.
Some uncountable nouns in English are countable in other languages. This can be confusing! Here is a list of some of the most common, easy to confuse uncountable nouns.
accommodation
advice
baggage
bread
equipment
furniture
garbage
information
knowledge
luggage
money
news
pasta
progress
research
travel
work
From Kenneth Beare
What are countable nouns?
Countable nouns are individual objects, people, places, etc. which can be counted.
books, Italians, pictures, stations, men, etc.
A countable noun can be both singular - a friend, a house, etc. - or plural - a few apples, lots of trees, etc.
Use the singular form of the verb with a singular countable noun:
There is a book on the table.
That student is excellent!
Use the plural form of the verb with a countable noun in the plural:
There are some students in the classroom.
Those houses are very big, aren't they?
What are uncountable nouns?
Uncountable nouns are materials, concepts, information, etc. which are not individual objects and can not be counted.
information, water, understanding, wood, cheese, etc.
Uncountable nouns are always singular. Use the singular form of the verb with uncountable nouns:
There is some water in that pitcher.
That is the equipment we use for the project.
Adjectives with Countable and Uncountable Nouns.
Use a/an with countable nouns preceded by an adjective(s):
Tom is a very intelligent young man.
I have a beautiful grey cat.
Do not use a/an with uncountable nouns preceded by an adjective(s):
That is very useful information.
There is some cold beer in the fridge.
Some uncountable nouns in English are countable in other languages. This can be confusing! Here is a list of some of the most common, easy to confuse uncountable nouns.
accommodation
advice
baggage
bread
equipment
furniture
garbage
information
knowledge
luggage
money
news
pasta
progress
research
travel
work
Countable and Uncountable Expressions with Nouns
Countable and Uncountable Expressions with Nouns
From Kenneth Beare, About.com
See More About:countable and uncountable nounsbeginning englishenglish grammar13 of 25
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Countable and Uncountable
Uncountable
Use the singular form of the verb with uncountable nouns. Use both 'some' and any' with uncountable nouns when speaking about specific objects.
Examples
Do you have any butter?
There is some juice in the bottle.
If you are speaking in general, do not use a modifier.
Examples
Do you drink coca cola?
He doesn't eat meat.
Countable
Use the plural form of the verb with countable nouns. Use both 'some' and 'any' with countable nouns when speaking about specific objects.
Examples
There are some magazines on the table.
Has he got any friends?
If you are speaking in general, use the plural form of the noun.
Examples
They love books by Hemingway.
She doesn't eat apples.
Expressions for Use with Countable and Uncountable Nouns
Use the following expressions with uncountable nouns.
most
much, lots of, a lot of
some
a little, little
Examples
There is lots of interest in the project.
She's got some money left in the bank.
There's little time to finish.
Use the following expressions with countable nouns.
many, lots of, a lot of
several
some
not many, only a few, few
Examples
There are a lot of pictures on the wall.
We have several friends in Chicago.
She bought some envelopes this afternoon.
There are only a few people in the restaurant.
From Kenneth Beare, About.com
See More About:countable and uncountable nounsbeginning englishenglish grammar13 of 25
Gallery IndexPrev Next
Sponsored Links
Books on Visual Learners
If You Could See the Way I Think, The Visual-Spatial Classroom, more!
www.Visual-Learners.com
Teaching english
A Website Dedicated to Teaching english
Teachingenglish.SuperbResources.com
Free TOEFL practice tests
Listening and Reading online Check your TOEFL level
www.examenglish.com
Countable and Uncountable
Uncountable
Use the singular form of the verb with uncountable nouns. Use both 'some' and any' with uncountable nouns when speaking about specific objects.
Examples
Do you have any butter?
There is some juice in the bottle.
If you are speaking in general, do not use a modifier.
Examples
Do you drink coca cola?
He doesn't eat meat.
Countable
Use the plural form of the verb with countable nouns. Use both 'some' and 'any' with countable nouns when speaking about specific objects.
Examples
There are some magazines on the table.
Has he got any friends?
If you are speaking in general, use the plural form of the noun.
Examples
They love books by Hemingway.
She doesn't eat apples.
Expressions for Use with Countable and Uncountable Nouns
Use the following expressions with uncountable nouns.
most
much, lots of, a lot of
some
a little, little
Examples
There is lots of interest in the project.
She's got some money left in the bank.
There's little time to finish.
Use the following expressions with countable nouns.
many, lots of, a lot of
several
some
not many, only a few, few
Examples
There are a lot of pictures on the wall.
We have several friends in Chicago.
She bought some envelopes this afternoon.
There are only a few people in the restaurant.
Countries and Languages - Names and Adjectives
Countries and Languages - Names and Adjectives
From Kenneth Beare
This chart shows first the country, then language and, finally the nationality of many major countries from around the world.
One syllable
France
French
French
Greece
Greek
Greek
ends in '-ish'
Britain
English
British
Denmark
Danish
Danish
Finland
Finnish
Finnish
Poland
Polish
Polish
Spain
Spanish
Spanish
Sweden
Swedish
Swedish
Turkey
Turkish
Turkish
ends in '-an'
Germany
German
German
Mexico
Spanish
Mexican
The United States
English
American
ends in '-ian' or '-ean'
Australia
English
Australian
Brazil
Portuguese
Brazilian
Egypt
Arabic
Egyptian
Italy
Italian
Italian
Hungary
Hungarian
Hungarian
Korea
Korean
Korean
Russia
Russian
Russian
ends in '-ese'
China
Chinese
Chinese
Japan
Japanese
Japanese
Portugal
Portuguese
Portuguese
From Kenneth Beare
This chart shows first the country, then language and, finally the nationality of many major countries from around the world.
One syllable
France
French
French
Greece
Greek
Greek
ends in '-ish'
Britain
English
British
Denmark
Danish
Danish
Finland
Finnish
Finnish
Poland
Polish
Polish
Spain
Spanish
Spanish
Sweden
Swedish
Swedish
Turkey
Turkish
Turkish
ends in '-an'
Germany
German
German
Mexico
Spanish
Mexican
The United States
English
American
ends in '-ian' or '-ean'
Australia
English
Australian
Brazil
Portuguese
Brazilian
Egypt
Arabic
Egyptian
Italy
Italian
Italian
Hungary
Hungarian
Hungarian
Korea
Korean
Korean
Russia
Russian
Russian
ends in '-ese'
China
Chinese
Chinese
Japan
Japanese
Japanese
Portugal
Portuguese
Portuguese
Future Forms - Going to / Will
Future Forms - Going to / Will
From Kenneth Beare
The future with 'Will' is used in a variety of situations discussing the future. Use the following forms with 'will'. Notice that 'will' or 'won't' is used for ALL subjects.
Positive
Subject + will + base form of verb + object(s)
Negative
Subject + will + not + base form of verb + object(s)
Question
(Question Word) + will + subject + base form of verb?
Used for spontaneous decisions. Spontaneous decisions are decisions made AT the moment of speaking.
Examples
Jack's hungry. I'll make her a sandwich.
That's difficult! I'll help you with the problem.
Used for predictions:
Examples
It will snow tomorrow.
She won't win the game.
Used for scheduled public events
Examples
The concert will begin at 8 o'clock.
When will the train leave?
The class won't start next week.
Used for promises
Examples
Will you marry me?
I'll help you with your homework after class.
Future with 'Going to'
The future with 'going to' is used to speak about future intentions or plans made before the present moment. Use the following forms with 'going to'.
Positive
Subject + to be + going to + base form of verb + object(s)
Negative
Subject + to be + not + going to + base form of verb + object(s)
Question
(Question Word) + to be + subject + going to + base form of verb?
Examples
We are going to study French next semester.
Where are you going to stay in France?
She isn't going to take a vacation this year.
Used for planned decisions. Planned decisions are decisions made BEFORE the moment of speaking.
Examples
I'm going to study Languages at university next year.
We're going to stay at the Hilton in New York next week.
Used for predicting an action that you see is about to happen:
Examples
Watch out! You're going to hit that car!
Look at those clouds. It's going to rain.
Used for future intentions:
Examples
I'm going to be a policeman when I grow up.
Katherine is going to study English when she goes to University.
From Kenneth Beare
The future with 'Will' is used in a variety of situations discussing the future. Use the following forms with 'will'. Notice that 'will' or 'won't' is used for ALL subjects.
Positive
Subject + will + base form of verb + object(s)
Negative
Subject + will + not + base form of verb + object(s)
Question
(Question Word) + will + subject + base form of verb?
Used for spontaneous decisions. Spontaneous decisions are decisions made AT the moment of speaking.
Examples
Jack's hungry. I'll make her a sandwich.
That's difficult! I'll help you with the problem.
Used for predictions:
Examples
It will snow tomorrow.
She won't win the game.
Used for scheduled public events
Examples
The concert will begin at 8 o'clock.
When will the train leave?
The class won't start next week.
Used for promises
Examples
Will you marry me?
I'll help you with your homework after class.
Future with 'Going to'
The future with 'going to' is used to speak about future intentions or plans made before the present moment. Use the following forms with 'going to'.
Positive
Subject + to be + going to + base form of verb + object(s)
Negative
Subject + to be + not + going to + base form of verb + object(s)
Question
(Question Word) + to be + subject + going to + base form of verb?
Examples
We are going to study French next semester.
Where are you going to stay in France?
She isn't going to take a vacation this year.
Used for planned decisions. Planned decisions are decisions made BEFORE the moment of speaking.
Examples
I'm going to study Languages at university next year.
We're going to stay at the Hilton in New York next week.
Used for predicting an action that you see is about to happen:
Examples
Watch out! You're going to hit that car!
Look at those clouds. It's going to rain.
Used for future intentions:
Examples
I'm going to be a policeman when I grow up.
Katherine is going to study English when she goes to University.
Modal Form Basics
Modal Form Basics
From Kenneth Beare
Modals are verbs that modify other verbs. The most common modals are:
Can
Should
Must
Note that all subjects take the same form of the modal.
Positive
Subject + Modal + Base Form of Verb + Objects
Examples
He can play the piano.
I must leave soon.
Negative
Subject + Modal + Not + Base Form of Verb + Objects
Examples
They can't visit next week.
You shouldn't go to that film.
Question
Modal + Subject + Base Form of Verb + Objects
Examples
Can you help me?
What should I do?
Giving Advice with Should
'Should' is used when asking for or giving advice. It is also used when asking for suggestions.
Examples
I think you should see a doctor.
What type of job should I get?
Expressing Ability with Can
'Can' is used to speak abilities.
Examples
He can speak Japanese.
Can you play golf?
Asking for Permission with May
'May' is used to ask for permission.
Examples
May I help you?
May I visit you this afternoon?
NOTE: In spoken English, 'Can I ...?' is often used instead of 'May I ...?'
From Kenneth Beare
Modals are verbs that modify other verbs. The most common modals are:
Can
Should
Must
Note that all subjects take the same form of the modal.
Positive
Subject + Modal + Base Form of Verb + Objects
Examples
He can play the piano.
I must leave soon.
Negative
Subject + Modal + Not + Base Form of Verb + Objects
Examples
They can't visit next week.
You shouldn't go to that film.
Question
Modal + Subject + Base Form of Verb + Objects
Examples
Can you help me?
What should I do?
Giving Advice with Should
'Should' is used when asking for or giving advice. It is also used when asking for suggestions.
Examples
I think you should see a doctor.
What type of job should I get?
Expressing Ability with Can
'Can' is used to speak abilities.
Examples
He can speak Japanese.
Can you play golf?
Asking for Permission with May
'May' is used to ask for permission.
Examples
May I help you?
May I visit you this afternoon?
NOTE: In spoken English, 'Can I ...?' is often used instead of 'May I ...?'
Present Simple
Present Simple
From Kenneth Beare
Use the present simple to talk about activities or routines which take place on a regular basis.
Positive Sentences Subject + present conjugation of verb + objects
I / You drive to work every day.
She / He / It drives to work every day.
You / We / They drive to work every day.
Negative Sentences
Subject + do not + base form of verb + objects
I / You don't (do not) use a computer every day.
She / He / It doesn't ( does not) use a computer at work. It
You / We / They don't (do not) use a typewriter at work.
Question Form
Wh? + do + subject + base form of verb ?
When do I / you arrive at work?
What does he / she / it use at work?
Where do we / you / they keep the paper?
From Kenneth Beare
Use the present simple to talk about activities or routines which take place on a regular basis.
Positive Sentences Subject + present conjugation of verb + objects
I / You drive to work every day.
She / He / It drives to work every day.
You / We / They drive to work every day.
Negative Sentences
Subject + do not + base form of verb + objects
I / You don't (do not) use a computer every day.
She / He / It doesn't ( does not) use a computer at work. It
You / We / They don't (do not) use a typewriter at work.
Question Form
Wh? + do + subject + base form of verb ?
When do I / you arrive at work?
What does he / she / it use at work?
Where do we / you / they keep the paper?
Verbs Followed by the Gerund or the Infinitive
Verbs Followed by the Gerund or the Infinitive
From Kenneth Beare
Verb + 'ing' OR Verb + Infinitive
When two verbs are used together, the second verb is often in the gerund form (-ing) or the infinitive. There are no specific rules concerning which verbs take which form. Like irregular verbs, you will need to learn which form a verb takes.
Common Verbs + 'ing'
go
enjoy
quit
discuss
mind
can't stand
suggest
Examples:
They go jogging on Saturdays.
I don't mind helping you.
They can't stand driving in traffic jams.
Common Verbs + Infinitive
promise
plan
refuse
want
need
decide
hope
Examples:
I promised to help him.
Alice needs to start that task.
He decided to quit his job.
From Kenneth Beare
Verb + 'ing' OR Verb + Infinitive
When two verbs are used together, the second verb is often in the gerund form (-ing) or the infinitive. There are no specific rules concerning which verbs take which form. Like irregular verbs, you will need to learn which form a verb takes.
Common Verbs + 'ing'
go
enjoy
quit
discuss
mind
can't stand
suggest
Examples:
They go jogging on Saturdays.
I don't mind helping you.
They can't stand driving in traffic jams.
Common Verbs + Infinitive
promise
plan
refuse
want
need
decide
hope
Examples:
I promised to help him.
Alice needs to start that task.
He decided to quit his job.
Prepositions of Time - In / At / On
Prepositions of Time - In / At / On
From Kenneth Beare
IN
Use 'in' months and years and periods of time:
in January
in 1978
in the twenties
Use 'in' a period of time in the future:
in a few weeks
in a couple of days
AT
Use 'at' with precise time:
at six o'clock
at 10.30
at two p.m.
ON
Use 'on' with days of the week:
on Monday
on Fridays
Use 'on' with specific calendar days:
on Christmas day
on October 22nd
IMPORTANT NOTES
in the morning / afternoon / evening - at night
We say in the morning, afternoon or evening BUT we say 'at night'
From Kenneth Beare
IN
Use 'in' months and years and periods of time:
in January
in 1978
in the twenties
Use 'in' a period of time in the future:
in a few weeks
in a couple of days
AT
Use 'at' with precise time:
at six o'clock
at 10.30
at two p.m.
ON
Use 'on' with days of the week:
on Monday
on Fridays
Use 'on' with specific calendar days:
on Christmas day
on October 22nd
IMPORTANT NOTES
in the morning / afternoon / evening - at night
We say in the morning, afternoon or evening BUT we say 'at night'
Pronouns
Pronouns
From Kenneth Beare
There are four types of pronouns: Subject Pronouns, Object Pronouns, Possessive Pronouns and Demonstrative Pronouns. Here is a list and explanation showing the different types of pronouns:
Subject Pronouns - I, you, he, she, it, we, you, they function as the subject of a sentence:
I live in New York.
Do you like playing tennis?
He doesn't want to come this evening.
She works in London.
It won't be easy.
We are studying pronouns at the moment.
You went to Paris last year, didn't you?
They bought a new car last month.
Object Pronouns - me, you, him, her, it, us, you, them serve as the object of a verb.
Give me the book.
He told you to come tonight.
She asked him to help.
They visited her when they came to New York.
She bought it at the store.
He picked us up at the airport.
The teacher asked you to finish your homework.
I invited them to a party.
Possessive Pronouns - mine, yours, his, hers, its, ours, yours, theirs show that something belongs to someone. That house is mine.
This is yours.
I'm sorry, that's his.
Those books are hers.
Those students are ours.
Look over there, those seats are yours.
Theirs will be green.
Demonstrative Pronouns - this, that, these, those refer to things. 'this' and 'these' refer to something that is near. 'that' and 'those' refer to things that are farther away.
This is my house.
That is our car over there.
These are my colleagues in this room.
Those are beautiful flowers in the next field.
Possessive adjectives - my, your, his, her, its, our, your, their are often confused with possessive pronouns. The possessive adjective modifies the noun following it in order to show possession.
I'll get my books.
Is that your car over there?
That is his teacher, Mr Jones.
I want to go to her store.
Its color is red.
Can we bring our children?
You are welcome to invite your husbands.
From Kenneth Beare
There are four types of pronouns: Subject Pronouns, Object Pronouns, Possessive Pronouns and Demonstrative Pronouns. Here is a list and explanation showing the different types of pronouns:
Subject Pronouns - I, you, he, she, it, we, you, they function as the subject of a sentence:
I live in New York.
Do you like playing tennis?
He doesn't want to come this evening.
She works in London.
It won't be easy.
We are studying pronouns at the moment.
You went to Paris last year, didn't you?
They bought a new car last month.
Object Pronouns - me, you, him, her, it, us, you, them serve as the object of a verb.
Give me the book.
He told you to come tonight.
She asked him to help.
They visited her when they came to New York.
She bought it at the store.
He picked us up at the airport.
The teacher asked you to finish your homework.
I invited them to a party.
Possessive Pronouns - mine, yours, his, hers, its, ours, yours, theirs show that something belongs to someone. That house is mine.
This is yours.
I'm sorry, that's his.
Those books are hers.
Those students are ours.
Look over there, those seats are yours.
Theirs will be green.
Demonstrative Pronouns - this, that, these, those refer to things. 'this' and 'these' refer to something that is near. 'that' and 'those' refer to things that are farther away.
This is my house.
That is our car over there.
These are my colleagues in this room.
Those are beautiful flowers in the next field.
Possessive adjectives - my, your, his, her, its, our, your, their are often confused with possessive pronouns. The possessive adjective modifies the noun following it in order to show possession.
I'll get my books.
Is that your car over there?
That is his teacher, Mr Jones.
I want to go to her store.
Its color is red.
Can we bring our children?
You are welcome to invite your husbands.
Past Tense Irregular Verbs
Past Tense Irregular Verbs
From Kenneth Beare
The past form of regular verbs ends in 'ed'. Irregular verbs must be studied individually. Here is a list of past forms of some of the most common irregular verbs.
be - was/were
become - became
begin - began
break - broke
bring - brought
build - built
buy - bought
come - came
cost - cost
cut - cut
do - did
drink - drank
eat - ate
find - found
fly - flew
get - got
give - gave
go - went
have - had
keep - kept
know - knew
leave - left
make - made
meet - met
pay - paid
put - put
read - read
say - said
see - saw
sell - sold
send - sent
speak - spoke
spend - spent
take - took
teach - taught
tell - told
think - thought
From Kenneth Beare
The past form of regular verbs ends in 'ed'. Irregular verbs must be studied individually. Here is a list of past forms of some of the most common irregular verbs.
be - was/were
become - became
begin - began
break - broke
bring - brought
build - built
buy - bought
come - came
cost - cost
cut - cut
do - did
drink - drank
eat - ate
find - found
fly - flew
get - got
give - gave
go - went
have - had
keep - kept
know - knew
leave - left
make - made
meet - met
pay - paid
put - put
read - read
say - said
see - saw
sell - sold
send - sent
speak - spoke
spend - spent
take - took
teach - taught
tell - told
think - thought
Uses of 'Like'
Uses of 'Like'
From Kenneth Beare
'Like' can be used as a verb or as a preposition. There are a number of common questions with 'like' that are easy to confuse.
What's he like? - 'What … like?' is used to ask about a person's or object's character and is general in nature.
What does he like? - This use of the verb 'like' is for general preferences. 'Like' as a verb is generally followed by the 'ing' form of the verb (I like playing tennis).
What does she look like? - 'Like' is used as a preposition to express physical appearance. In this case, 'like' can also mean 'similar to' if you are making a comparison to other people.
What would you like to drink? - Another common use of 'like' is in 'would like' to express wishes. Note that 'would like' is followed by the infinite form of the verb NOT the '-ing' form.
From Kenneth Beare
'Like' can be used as a verb or as a preposition. There are a number of common questions with 'like' that are easy to confuse.
What's he like? - 'What … like?' is used to ask about a person's or object's character and is general in nature.
What does he like? - This use of the verb 'like' is for general preferences. 'Like' as a verb is generally followed by the 'ing' form of the verb (I like playing tennis).
What does she look like? - 'Like' is used as a preposition to express physical appearance. In this case, 'like' can also mean 'similar to' if you are making a comparison to other people.
What would you like to drink? - Another common use of 'like' is in 'would like' to express wishes. Note that 'would like' is followed by the infinite form of the verb NOT the '-ing' form.
Articles - The / A / An
Articles - The / A / An
From Kenneth Beare
a = indefinite article (not a specific object, one of a number of the same objects) with consonants
She has a dog.
I work in a factory.
an = indefinite article (not a specific object, one of a number of the same objects) with vowels (a,e,i,o,u)
Can I have an apple?
She is an English teacher.
the = definite article (a specific object that both the person speaking and the listener know)
The car over there is fast.
The teacher is very good, isn't he?
The first time you speak of something use "a or an", the next time you repeat that object use "the".
I live in a house. The house is quite old and has four bedrooms.
I ate in a Chinese restaurant. The restaurant was very good.
DO NOT use an article with countries, states, counties or provinces, lakes and mountains except when the country is a collection of states such as "The United States".
He lives in Washington near Mount Rainier.
They live in northern British Columbia.
Use an article with bodies of water, oceans and seas -
My country borders on the Pacific Ocean
DO NOT use an article when you are speaking about things in general
I like Russian tea.
She likes reading books.
DO NOT use an article when you are speaking about meals, places, and transport
He has breakfast at home.
I go to university.
He comes to work by taxi.
From Kenneth Beare
a = indefinite article (not a specific object, one of a number of the same objects) with consonants
She has a dog.
I work in a factory.
an = indefinite article (not a specific object, one of a number of the same objects) with vowels (a,e,i,o,u)
Can I have an apple?
She is an English teacher.
the = definite article (a specific object that both the person speaking and the listener know)
The car over there is fast.
The teacher is very good, isn't he?
The first time you speak of something use "a or an", the next time you repeat that object use "the".
I live in a house. The house is quite old and has four bedrooms.
I ate in a Chinese restaurant. The restaurant was very good.
DO NOT use an article with countries, states, counties or provinces, lakes and mountains except when the country is a collection of states such as "The United States".
He lives in Washington near Mount Rainier.
They live in northern British Columbia.
Use an article with bodies of water, oceans and seas -
My country borders on the Pacific Ocean
DO NOT use an article when you are speaking about things in general
I like Russian tea.
She likes reading books.
DO NOT use an article when you are speaking about meals, places, and transport
He has breakfast at home.
I go to university.
He comes to work by taxi.
In / On / To / At
In / On / To / At
From Kenneth Beare
IN
Use 'in' with spaces:
in a room / in a building
in a garden / in a park
Use 'in' with bodies of water:
in the water
in the sea
in a river
Use 'in' with lines:
in a row / in a line
in a queue
AT
Use 'at' with places:
at the bus-stop
at the door
at the cinema
at the end of the street
ON
Use 'on' with surfaces:
on the ceiling / on the wall / on the floor
on the table
Use 'on' with small islands:
I stayed on Maui.
Use 'on' with directions:
on the left
on the right
straight on
TO
Use 'to' with movement from one place to another:
I went to school.
Did you go to work?
Let's go to the shopping mall.
DO NOT Use 'to' with 'home'
From Kenneth Beare
IN
Use 'in' with spaces:
in a room / in a building
in a garden / in a park
Use 'in' with bodies of water:
in the water
in the sea
in a river
Use 'in' with lines:
in a row / in a line
in a queue
AT
Use 'at' with places:
at the bus-stop
at the door
at the cinema
at the end of the street
ON
Use 'on' with surfaces:
on the ceiling / on the wall / on the floor
on the table
Use 'on' with small islands:
I stayed on Maui.
Use 'on' with directions:
on the left
on the right
straight on
TO
Use 'to' with movement from one place to another:
I went to school.
Did you go to work?
Let's go to the shopping mall.
DO NOT Use 'to' with 'home'
Past Simple or Present Perfect
Past Simple or Present Perfect
From Kenneth Beare
Sometimes the past simple and the present perfect are confused. It is important to remember that the past simple is used to express a finished past action which occurs at a specific moment in the past. The present perfect is used to express something that happened at an unspecified moment in the past. For example, if I visited Paris in 2004, I could express this in two ways:
Past Simple
I visited Paris in 2004.
I went to Paris a few years ago.
Note that the moment in time is specific - in 2004, a few years ago.
Present Perfect
I've been to Paris.
I've visited Paris.
In this case, the moment of my visit is not specific. I am speaking about an experience that I have had in my life up to this moment in time.
This is the key to understanding the difference between the past simple and the present perfect. The past simple expresses something which happened at a specific time in the past. The present perfect expresses something that I have experienced in my life without giving the exact time.
From Kenneth Beare
Sometimes the past simple and the present perfect are confused. It is important to remember that the past simple is used to express a finished past action which occurs at a specific moment in the past. The present perfect is used to express something that happened at an unspecified moment in the past. For example, if I visited Paris in 2004, I could express this in two ways:
Past Simple
I visited Paris in 2004.
I went to Paris a few years ago.
Note that the moment in time is specific - in 2004, a few years ago.
Present Perfect
I've been to Paris.
I've visited Paris.
In this case, the moment of my visit is not specific. I am speaking about an experience that I have had in my life up to this moment in time.
This is the key to understanding the difference between the past simple and the present perfect. The past simple expresses something which happened at a specific time in the past. The present perfect expresses something that I have experienced in my life without giving the exact time.
Present Simple vs. Present Continuous
Present Simple vs. Present Continuous
From Kenneth Beare
Present Simple
Use the present simple to talk about activities or routines which take place on a regular basis.
Examples
I often go jogging on Saturdays.
He usually has coffee for breakfast.
Present Continuous
Use the present continuous to speak about what is happening at the present moment in time, around the present moment, or for a future scheduled event.
Examples
We're working on the Smith account this month.
She's watching TV at the moment.
Stative Verbs
Stative verbs are verbs which express a state. Action verbs are verbs which express something a person does.
Examples
I hope to see you soon. (stative verb) He is cooking dinner at the moment. (action verb)
Stative verbs cannot be used in the continuous forms. Here is a list of common stative verbs:
believe
understand
think (opinion)
want
hope
smell
taste
feel
sound
look
seem
appear
From Kenneth Beare
Present Simple
Use the present simple to talk about activities or routines which take place on a regular basis.
Examples
I often go jogging on Saturdays.
He usually has coffee for breakfast.
Present Continuous
Use the present continuous to speak about what is happening at the present moment in time, around the present moment, or for a future scheduled event.
Examples
We're working on the Smith account this month.
She's watching TV at the moment.
Stative Verbs
Stative verbs are verbs which express a state. Action verbs are verbs which express something a person does.
Examples
I hope to see you soon. (stative verb) He is cooking dinner at the moment. (action verb)
Stative verbs cannot be used in the continuous forms. Here is a list of common stative verbs:
believe
understand
think (opinion)
want
hope
smell
taste
feel
sound
look
seem
appear
Present Continuous Tense
Present Continuous Tense
From Kenneth Beare
Use the present continuous to speak about what is happening at the present moment in time.
Positive Form
Subject + to be + verb + ing + objects
Examples
He is watching TV.
They're playing tennis at the moment.
Negative Form
Subject + are not + verb + ing + objects
Examples
She isn't studying at the moment.
We aren't working now.
Question Form
Wh? + do + subject + verb + ing + objects ?
Examples
What are you doing?
Are you cooking dinner now?
NOTE: We use time expressions like 'at the moment, currently, this week - month' with this form of the present continuous.
From Kenneth Beare
Use the present continuous to speak about what is happening at the present moment in time.
Positive Form
Subject + to be + verb + ing + objects
Examples
He is watching TV.
They're playing tennis at the moment.
Negative Form
Subject + are not + verb + ing + objects
Examples
She isn't studying at the moment.
We aren't working now.
Question Form
Wh? + do + subject + verb + ing + objects ?
Examples
What are you doing?
Are you cooking dinner now?
NOTE: We use time expressions like 'at the moment, currently, this week - month' with this form of the present continuous.
Present Continuous Tense
Present Continuous Tense
From Kenneth Beare
Use the present continuous to speak about what is happening at the present moment in time.
Positive Form
Subject + to be + verb + ing + objects
Examples
He is watching TV.
They're playing tennis at the moment.
Negative Form
Subject + are not + verb + ing + objects
Examples
She isn't studying at the moment.
We aren't working now.
Question Form
Wh? + do + subject + verb + ing + objects ?
Examples
What are you doing?
Are you cooking dinner now?
NOTE: We use time expressions like 'at the moment, currently, this week - month' with this form of the present continuous.
From Kenneth Beare
Use the present continuous to speak about what is happening at the present moment in time.
Positive Form
Subject + to be + verb + ing + objects
Examples
He is watching TV.
They're playing tennis at the moment.
Negative Form
Subject + are not + verb + ing + objects
Examples
She isn't studying at the moment.
We aren't working now.
Question Form
Wh? + do + subject + verb + ing + objects ?
Examples
What are you doing?
Are you cooking dinner now?
NOTE: We use time expressions like 'at the moment, currently, this week - month' with this form of the present continuous.
Past Simple Tense
Past Simple Tense
From Kenneth Beare, About.com
Use the past simple to talk about activities or routines which take place at a specified time in the past. Notice that all subjects take the same conjugation of the verb. Regular verbs end in '-ed'.
visit - visited
enjoy - enjoyed
Irregular verbs have various forms and each verb needs to be learned.
see - saw
think - thought
The past simple is used to express a finished past action which occurs at a specific moment in the past.
Examples
She visited Iran last month.
They didn't go to Tom's party last weekend.
Where did you go on vacation last summer?
The following time signifiers often indicate a specific point in time.
last
ago
in ... (plus a year or month)
yesterday
when ... (plus a phrase)
Examples
They had lunch at home last week.
He left the company many years ago.
Susan bought a new car in May.
He telephoned his friend in Rome yesterday.
I played golf when I was a teenager.
Positive Form
Subject + past form of verb + object(s) + time
Examples
They flew to Chicago last month.
Peter completed his course three weeks ago.
Negative Form
Subject + did + not + base form of verb + object(s) + (time)
Examples
They didn't expect to see you at Christmas.
She didn't understand the question.
Question Form
(Wh?) + did + subject + base form of verb + (object(s))+ (time)?
Examples
Where did you study French?
When did you arrive last week?
From Kenneth Beare, About.com
Use the past simple to talk about activities or routines which take place at a specified time in the past. Notice that all subjects take the same conjugation of the verb. Regular verbs end in '-ed'.
visit - visited
enjoy - enjoyed
Irregular verbs have various forms and each verb needs to be learned.
see - saw
think - thought
The past simple is used to express a finished past action which occurs at a specific moment in the past.
Examples
She visited Iran last month.
They didn't go to Tom's party last weekend.
Where did you go on vacation last summer?
The following time signifiers often indicate a specific point in time.
last
ago
in ... (plus a year or month)
yesterday
when ... (plus a phrase)
Examples
They had lunch at home last week.
He left the company many years ago.
Susan bought a new car in May.
He telephoned his friend in Rome yesterday.
I played golf when I was a teenager.
Positive Form
Subject + past form of verb + object(s) + time
Examples
They flew to Chicago last month.
Peter completed his course three weeks ago.
Negative Form
Subject + did + not + base form of verb + object(s) + (time)
Examples
They didn't expect to see you at Christmas.
She didn't understand the question.
Question Form
(Wh?) + did + subject + base form of verb + (object(s))+ (time)?
Examples
Where did you study French?
When did you arrive last week?
Present Perfect Tense
Present Perfect Tense
From Kenneth Beare
The present perfect is used to say what has happened recently and has an effect on the present moment. We often use 'just', 'yet' and 'already' to express the relationship to the present moment.
Examples
Have you seen Mary yet?
They've already had dinner.
She's just been to the dentist's.
The present perfect is also used to express something which has happened up to the present moment of time.
Examples
Have you worked here for a long time?
Peter's lived here since 1987.
She hasn't had much fun this week.
Positive Form
Subject + have + past participle + object(s)
Examples
Peter's lived here since 1987.
We've been very busy today.
Negative Form
Subject + have + not + past participle + object(s)
Examples
I haven't been to class very often this month.
She hasn't had much fun this week.
Question Form
(Wh?) + have + subject + past participle?
Examples
Have you worked here for a long time?
Where have you been?
Present Perfect for Unspecified Past
When speaking about an experience that has happened at an UNSPECIFIED point in time before the present moment use the present perfect.
Examples
I've been to New York three times.
They've lived in many places.
She's studied in London.
NOTE: In this use of the present perfect, we are talking about things that have happened up to the present moment. Whenever you speak about something that has happened up to now without giving a precise point in time, use the present perfect.
Use of 'For', 'Since' and 'How long'
Use 'for' to indicate a duration or period of time.
Examples
He has lived here for seven years.
We have been here for six weeks.
Shirley has played tennis for a long time.
Use 'since' to indicate a specific point in time.
Examples
I've worked here since 2004.
She's gone to dancing lessons since April.
They've been unhappy since they left college.
Use 'How long' in the question form to ask about duration.
Examples
How long have you played the piano?
How long has he worked here?
How long has she been with you?
From Kenneth Beare
The present perfect is used to say what has happened recently and has an effect on the present moment. We often use 'just', 'yet' and 'already' to express the relationship to the present moment.
Examples
Have you seen Mary yet?
They've already had dinner.
She's just been to the dentist's.
The present perfect is also used to express something which has happened up to the present moment of time.
Examples
Have you worked here for a long time?
Peter's lived here since 1987.
She hasn't had much fun this week.
Positive Form
Subject + have + past participle + object(s)
Examples
Peter's lived here since 1987.
We've been very busy today.
Negative Form
Subject + have + not + past participle + object(s)
Examples
I haven't been to class very often this month.
She hasn't had much fun this week.
Question Form
(Wh?) + have + subject + past participle?
Examples
Have you worked here for a long time?
Where have you been?
Present Perfect for Unspecified Past
When speaking about an experience that has happened at an UNSPECIFIED point in time before the present moment use the present perfect.
Examples
I've been to New York three times.
They've lived in many places.
She's studied in London.
NOTE: In this use of the present perfect, we are talking about things that have happened up to the present moment. Whenever you speak about something that has happened up to now without giving a precise point in time, use the present perfect.
Use of 'For', 'Since' and 'How long'
Use 'for' to indicate a duration or period of time.
Examples
He has lived here for seven years.
We have been here for six weeks.
Shirley has played tennis for a long time.
Use 'since' to indicate a specific point in time.
Examples
I've worked here since 2004.
She's gone to dancing lessons since April.
They've been unhappy since they left college.
Use 'How long' in the question form to ask about duration.
Examples
How long have you played the piano?
How long has he worked here?
How long has she been with you?
Adverb or Adjective - Which should I use?
Adverb or Adjective - Which should I use?
From Kenneth Beare
Adjectives Modify Nouns
Adjectives are placed directly before a noun:
Examples:
Tom is an excellent singer.
I bought a comfortable chair.
She's thinking about buying a new house.
Adjectives are also used in simple sentences with the verb 'to be'. In this case, the adjective describes the subject of the sentence:
Examples:
Jack is happy.
Peter was very tired.
Mary'll be excited when you tell her.
Adverbs
Adverbs Modify Verbs, Adjectives and Other Adverbs
Adverbs are easily recognized because they end in '-ly' (with a few exceptions!):
Examples:
Adjective - careful / Adverb - carefully
Adjective - quick / Adverb - quickly
Adverbs are often used at the end of a sentence to modify the verb:
Examples:
Jack drove carelessly.
Tom played the match intelligently.
Jason talks about his classes constantly.
From Kenneth Beare
Adjectives Modify Nouns
Adjectives are placed directly before a noun:
Examples:
Tom is an excellent singer.
I bought a comfortable chair.
She's thinking about buying a new house.
Adjectives are also used in simple sentences with the verb 'to be'. In this case, the adjective describes the subject of the sentence:
Examples:
Jack is happy.
Peter was very tired.
Mary'll be excited when you tell her.
Adverbs
Adverbs Modify Verbs, Adjectives and Other Adverbs
Adverbs are easily recognized because they end in '-ly' (with a few exceptions!):
Examples:
Adjective - careful / Adverb - carefully
Adjective - quick / Adverb - quickly
Adverbs are often used at the end of a sentence to modify the verb:
Examples:
Jack drove carelessly.
Tom played the match intelligently.
Jason talks about his classes constantly.
Adverb or Adjective - Which should I use?
Adverb or Adjective - Which should I use?
From Kenneth Beare
Adjectives Modify Nouns
Adjectives are placed directly before a noun:
Examples:
Tom is an excellent singer.
I bought a comfortable chair.
She's thinking about buying a new house.
Adjectives are also used in simple sentences with the verb 'to be'. In this case, the adjective describes the subject of the sentence:
Examples:
Jack is happy.
Peter was very tired.
Mary'll be excited when you tell her.
Adverbs
Adverbs Modify Verbs, Adjectives and Other Adverbs
Adverbs are easily recognized because they end in '-ly' (with a few exceptions!):
Examples:
Adjective - careful / Adverb - carefully
Adjective - quick / Adverb - quickly
Adverbs are often used at the end of a sentence to modify the verb:
Examples:
Jack drove carelessly.
Tom played the match intelligently.
Jason talks about his classes constantly.
From Kenneth Beare
Adjectives Modify Nouns
Adjectives are placed directly before a noun:
Examples:
Tom is an excellent singer.
I bought a comfortable chair.
She's thinking about buying a new house.
Adjectives are also used in simple sentences with the verb 'to be'. In this case, the adjective describes the subject of the sentence:
Examples:
Jack is happy.
Peter was very tired.
Mary'll be excited when you tell her.
Adverbs
Adverbs Modify Verbs, Adjectives and Other Adverbs
Adverbs are easily recognized because they end in '-ly' (with a few exceptions!):
Examples:
Adjective - careful / Adverb - carefully
Adjective - quick / Adverb - quickly
Adverbs are often used at the end of a sentence to modify the verb:
Examples:
Jack drove carelessly.
Tom played the match intelligently.
Jason talks about his classes constantly.
Imperative Form
Imperative Form
From Kenneth Beare
Use the imperative form when giving instructions or orders. The imperative is also very common in written instructions. Be careful when you use the imperative, as it is often considered impolite in English. If someone asks you for instructions, use the imperative. If, on the other hand, you would like to request that someone do something use a polite question form.
There is only one imperative form for both 'you' singular and plural.
Examples:
Hurry up!
Take the first left, go straight on and the supermarket is on the left.
Positive
Base Form of Verb + Objects
Turn the music down, please.
Insert coins into the slot.
Negative
Do + Not + Base Form of Verb + Objects
Do not smoke in this building. Don't rush, I'm not in a hurry.
From Kenneth Beare
Use the imperative form when giving instructions or orders. The imperative is also very common in written instructions. Be careful when you use the imperative, as it is often considered impolite in English. If someone asks you for instructions, use the imperative. If, on the other hand, you would like to request that someone do something use a polite question form.
There is only one imperative form for both 'you' singular and plural.
Examples:
Hurry up!
Take the first left, go straight on and the supermarket is on the left.
Positive
Base Form of Verb + Objects
Turn the music down, please.
Insert coins into the slot.
Negative
Do + Not + Base Form of Verb + Objects
Do not smoke in this building. Don't rush, I'm not in a hurry.
Count and Non-Count Nouns - Understanding Nouns
Count and Non-Count Nouns - Understanding Nouns
From Kenneth Beare
What are countable nouns?
Countable nouns are individual objects, people, places, etc. which can be counted.
books, Italians, pictures, stations, men, etc.
A countable noun can be both singular - a friend, a house, etc. - or plural - a few apples, lots of trees, etc.
Use the singular form of the verb with a singular countable noun:
There is a book on the table.
That student is excellent!
Use the plural form of the verb with a countable noun in the plural:
There are some students in the classroom.
Those houses are very big, aren't they?
What are uncountable nouns?
Uncountable nouns are materials, concepts, information, etc. which are not individual objects and can not be counted.
information, water, understanding, wood, cheese, etc.
Uncountable nouns are always singular. Use the singular form of the verb with uncountable nouns:
There is some water in that pitcher.
That is the equipment we use for the project.
Adjectives with Countable and Uncountable Nouns.
Use a/an with countable nouns preceded by an adjective(s):
Tom is a very intelligent young man.
I have a beautiful grey cat.
Do not use a/an with uncountable nouns preceded by an adjective(s):
That is very useful information.
There is some cold beer in the fridge.
Some uncountable nouns in English are countable in other languages. This can be confusing! Here is a list of some of the most common, easy to confuse uncountable nouns.
accommodation
advice
baggage
bread
equipment
furniture
garbage
information
knowledge
luggage
money
news
pasta
progress
research
travel
work
From Kenneth Beare
What are countable nouns?
Countable nouns are individual objects, people, places, etc. which can be counted.
books, Italians, pictures, stations, men, etc.
A countable noun can be both singular - a friend, a house, etc. - or plural - a few apples, lots of trees, etc.
Use the singular form of the verb with a singular countable noun:
There is a book on the table.
That student is excellent!
Use the plural form of the verb with a countable noun in the plural:
There are some students in the classroom.
Those houses are very big, aren't they?
What are uncountable nouns?
Uncountable nouns are materials, concepts, information, etc. which are not individual objects and can not be counted.
information, water, understanding, wood, cheese, etc.
Uncountable nouns are always singular. Use the singular form of the verb with uncountable nouns:
There is some water in that pitcher.
That is the equipment we use for the project.
Adjectives with Countable and Uncountable Nouns.
Use a/an with countable nouns preceded by an adjective(s):
Tom is a very intelligent young man.
I have a beautiful grey cat.
Do not use a/an with uncountable nouns preceded by an adjective(s):
That is very useful information.
There is some cold beer in the fridge.
Some uncountable nouns in English are countable in other languages. This can be confusing! Here is a list of some of the most common, easy to confuse uncountable nouns.
accommodation
advice
baggage
bread
equipment
furniture
garbage
information
knowledge
luggage
money
news
pasta
progress
research
travel
work
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